Hitler and the Aestheticization of Politics Essay -- propaganda, nazism

IntroductionOne of the reasons behind the advantage of the Nazi Party in taking over Germany is on its extensive use of propaganda. Adolf Hitler, known for his penchant for populism, rendered the strong impact of images, moving-picture shows and other materials attributed to national socialism as essential for the political success of the Nazi Party and its agenda for Germany. As an authoritarian leader, Hitler saw the importance of extracting the patronage of the Germans not through forceful means, but through convincing and motive measures that enticed their mental faculties. To make such a vision possible, Hitler commissioned the talents of filmmaker Leni Riefenstahl one of the most brilliant at the time, to create a movie that promoted Nazism not necessarily in a critical manner, but more on cultivating their blind adherence towards the Nazi Party. The result, Triumph of the Will, is a documentary film masterpiece that presented the magnanimity of the Nazi Party in a grandio se manner, complete with rich aesthetics enhanced with the latest film technology at the time. While Triumph of the Will has garnered strong acclaim as a magnum opus of its period, critics have assailed it for aggrandizing Nazi politics and its presumed ability to arouse sympathy towards Nazism. Thus, the self-assertion made by Walter Benjamin on the aestheticization of politics under German fascism has stood as an important premise to clarify and consider in understanding the moment of Triumph of the Will (Benjamin 217-252 Riefenstahl).The Aestheticization of Politics under German FascismBenjamin noted one of the most notable characteristics of the Nazi regime that of the aestheticization of politics under German fascism. In the simplest sense, Benjamin underlined... ...m that the aesthetic techniques used in Triumph of the Will is exclusive to Nazism, as those may also apply to represent other ideologies casing to changes in the stimuli of people and breakthroughs in media te chnology. After all, what made Triumph of the Will distinctly Nazi in nature is the fact that it used multifaceted Nazi propaganda the aesthetic techniques used therein set apart from the propaganda, could also apply to other ideologies. Works CitedBenjamin, Walter. The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Production. Illuminations. Ed. vex Zohn. New York Schocken, 1969. 217-252. Print.Spielvogel, Jackson. Hitler and Nazi Germany A History. 6th ed. United Kingdom Pearson, 2009. Print.Triumph of the Will. Dir. Leni Riefenstahl. Perf. Adolf Hitler, Heinrich Himmler, Victor Lutze, various Nazi leaders. Universum Film AG, 1935. DVD.

What Are The Main Contrasts To Be Found In Portugal? :: essays research papers fc

What Are The Main Contrasts To Be Found in Portugal?When answering a question such as this, one moldiness primarily begin bypointing out that not only does Portugal turn out a great many contrasts within itsland, but also that it contrasts greatly with the separate Mediterranean countries.Portugal is not to be considered by any means as Spains poor neighbour, norshould a shadow be cast over it by such a formidable nation. Portugal has agreat deal to offer any visitor, it is not merely a tourists paradise, yet thisis regrettably how it is viewed by a big flake of individuals. One must alsonot forget Portugals history of being, in days gone by, one of the greatermaritime nations, one of the more(prenominal) advanced exploring countries of Europe. WhilstSpain was occupied with discovering the Indias and consequently the Americas,Portugal was itself busy exploring Africa and making its own invaluablediscoveries, although these are for the most part overlooked.Being situated on the westernmost brink of Europe and the IberianPeninsula, Portugal enjoys a relative privacy and independence from the rest ofMediterranean countries. Bordering on Spain on two sides and the sea on theothers, the nation as naturally turned towards the sea, from which it draws bothits strength and wealth and turned its back on its greatest rival, Spain. Due toits constant waves of invasion throughout the ages, Portugal is a immensely diverseland, not only in geographical terms but also in terms of heritage. It is trueto say that Portugal does share a number of similarities with Spain, but it isby no means identical. Rather it is a nation which blends Moorish influences,British tradition and Mediterranean culture to form a rattling unique land ofpeoples.When considering the diversity of a country such as Portugal, themention of which immediately conjures up a melange of images from North Africanto westward European, from hot and balmy weather to snow capped mountains, onemust really b egin by describing the two principle factors, those of climate andgeography, which themselves are interwoven. These in turn have a great effecton and to a certain extent bring about other differences which can be illustriouswithin the narrow confines of this nation, such as those of vegetation, economyand landscape.On examining Portugal in terms of contrasting regions or areas, one mustobviously have a starting point and that is generally considered to be acomparison between north and south, the River Tagus (Tejo) being the dividingline. However, Portugal can naturally be divided into triplet great natural

Rahzel :: History

RahzelRahzel M. Brown was born in Queens, New York and recalls that not having was never an cut for not doing. Just as in its most organic state the essence of hip hop is making something out of nothing, Rahzel learned how to feed his ingest to be creative. We didnt have the turntables inside the locker room and we couldnt bring our boom box in on that point. Either we were banging on the locker, or somebody was (making music) with their mouth. I was the one who do the play outs with my mouth. I worked hard so that if you closed your eyes you would swear that you were hearing a record, a radio, or a band. Over time, Rahzels own gifts for vocal percussion led him to seek his own career as an artist. Others, like Biz Markie, Doug E. Fresh, and the Fat Boys Buffy had made strides in the form, but Rahzel possessed a talent so great, he was soon recognized up and down the east coast as the prime(a) human beat box artist. He already had a thriving solo career when The Roots asked him to join their group. Being with The Roots enhanced what I was doing even more, says Rahzel. Were colleagues, and we have tremendous respect for each other. They respect my history, I respect theirs.He is undeniably the best beat meat packer funding on in this world today. As a kid he went to Grandmaster Flashs shows regularly, absorbing everything he saw and heard. Grandmaster Flash is another famous beat boxer that took the world by storm in every concert that he did. Rahzel grew up to live with beat boxing and used to be a roadie for the Ultramagnetic MCs. He later joined the Roots after guest staring on one of their early albums that sold million of copies world wide and became famous for there vocal and beat technique at the same time. This means that Rahzel and the group he was with would sing together and at the exact same time would surveil up with beats which sounded like a full band with drums, base, piano, and vocal. But Rahzel can sing a chorus and provide the back up beat simultaneously better then anybody in that group could. Rahzel doesnt only beat box but He can also impersonate a number of rappers and singers. For instance he has this song called if your mother only knew and in that performance he did in front of hundreds and thousands of Americans in Louisiana, he impersonated his aunty when she caught him and his lady friend friend at that time making out.

The Joys of Skydiving Essay -- Personal Narrative, essay about myself

It was a warm and sunny Saturday morning when my friend, Sivi, and I left our home to travel to the small local aerodrome located emergeside of town. Just the previous night we had received 4 hours of classroom training in how to perform a successful Skydive and right away we would receive 4 more hours of practical, hands-on training.   Sivi and I have spent a lot of time talking with, and taking care of Senior Citizens on a volunteer basis. Through many conversations, we discovered that one of the major regrets that people have, as the near the end, is that they didnt experience everything that they wanted to when they were younger. The major reason for this was fear. Fear that they would fail or fear that they might be injured. Sivi and I had decided years ago that we would never allow fear to prevent us from trying something new. Now, in our middle and late forties, we had decided to voluntarily jump out of a perfectly good airplane just for the experience of doing so. &n bsp When we arrived at the airport, there were about 10 other people. Most of them were men and we were the only couple. Of course the first matter of business was to read and sign a sack that stated that we would NOT hold the skydiving school liable if our jump turned out to be, shall we say, less than perfect. I must admit that this certainly brought out some of the apprehension that Sivi and I had managed to bury deep inside ourselves.   Next, we were sent to a shed where there were several sets of coveralls. Here we were instructed to pick out a pair of coveralls and a helmet that fit (as best as possible) and put them on. I must say that I felt more than a little featherbrained wearing a pair of torn and uncomfortably tight coveralls ... ...ove the ground, I yanked down on the parachute control straps with all of my strength. The parachute got more air, and I slowed, almost to a standstill, and gently touched the ground. As my feet touched the Earth, I went into my roll and then stood back up. No broken bones or bruises.   Sivi, nowadays came out to greet me, and we both felt a great sense of relief and pride. Once again we managed to overcome our fears and experience something that cannot be imagined or viewed same a movie, but must be felt.   As we walked to our car, we realized just how much the day had taken out of us physically. We were both bruised and sore from our make jumps into the gravel pit and very tired. But, at the same time, our souls felt warm and satisfied at discovering that we could overcome our fears and experience the joy and freedom of skydiving.

Going to College while in the Military Essay examples -- Education Car

A college precept is an essential step towards a successful military career. To some enlisted members, continuing or starting signaling a college education may wait difficult to do. My decision to continue a college education was easy. Being stati unmatchedd at an Air Base for a year has given me an opportunity to do so without macrocosm sidetracked by some of lifes daily responsibilities. Since it is an unaccompanied tour and I have no choice just now to live in dorms, going to college is much easier then back in the states. Being stationed here has given me great opportunity to dedicate all my shift time towards a college degree. After going to the statement Center I was very pleased. Right now the Air Force will pay one hundred percent of my college tuition fees. So the first thing I did was set a goal. I planned to start small first work towards my Community College of the Air Force (CCAF) degree. The CCAF is the only degree-granting institution of higher learning in the world dedicated exclusively to enlisted people (The Insider Air Force Education Programs, par. 4). A CCAF degree, which is equal to an associate degree, helps in numerous ways. Many Air Force special duty as propertyments require enlisted members to have a CCAF degree. For example, to become a Military Training Instructor or T.I., the member applying is required to have a CCAF degree. The path towards a college degree may be challenging however, the rewards seem to be endless.Some of my co-workers apparently do not have time to take advantage of a free college education. Working as aircraft maintainers cuts into their free time. It usher out be tough not knowing if tomorrow will be a twelve or fourteen hour shift. Of course who would want to sign up for classes if one cannot attend th... ...have to take away from all of ones free time. Taking at least one class per bourne can allow plenty of time to enjoy off duty hours. Online courses allow for military members to deploy without worrying about missing classes and all of the most-valuable material covered. CLEP and DANTES tests require little or no studying and save time and money while still helping to earn college credits.-With education being a major contributor to successful military careers, it takes a commitment to self-improvement and a great deal of motivation to continue or start a college education. After knowing all available options and benefits, making a decision should be simple. Besides obvious career benefits, a college education broadens horizons and allows Airmen to modification their outlook on the world.Works CitedThe Insider Air Force Education Programs. 24 Jul. 2003. 13 Mar 2005.

Going to College while in the Military Essay examples -- Education Car

A college education is an essential step towards a successful force career. To some enlisted members, continuing or starting a college education may seem difficult to do. My decision to continue a college education was easy. Being stationed at an Air Base for a year has given me an opportunity to do so without being sidetracked by some of lifes daily responsibilities. Since it is an solitary tour and I have no choice but to live in dorms, going to college is much easier then back in the states. Being stationed hither has given me great opportunity to dedicate all my warrant time towards a college degree. After going to the Education Center I was very pleased. skillful now the Air Force will pay one hundred percent of my college tuition fees. So the first thing I did was set a goal. I planned to start small first working towards my Community College of the Air Force (CCAF) degree. The CCAF is the only degree-granting institution of higher learning in the demesne dedicated exclusi vely to enlisted people (The Insider Air Force Education Programs, par. 4). A CCAF degree, which is equal to an associate degree, helps in numerous ways. Many Air Force spare duty assignments require enlisted members to have a CCAF degree. For example, to become a Military Training Instructor or T.I., the member applying is required to have a CCAF degree. The rails towards a college degree may be challenging however, the rewards seem to be endless.Some of my co-workers apparently do not have time to take advantage of a free college education. Working as aircraft maintainers cuts into their free time. It can be tough not knowing if tomorrow will be a cardinal or fourteen hour shift. Of course who would want to sign up for classes if one cannot attend th... ...have to take away from all of ones free time. Taking at least one class per term can allow plenty of time to enjoy off duty hours. Online courses allow for soldiers members to deploy without worrying about missing classes and all of the important material covered. CLEP and DANTES tests require little or no studying and save time and funds while still helping to earn college credits.-With education being a major contributor to successful military careers, it takes a commitment to self-improvement and a great deal of motivation to continue or start a college education. After knowing all available options and benefits, making a decision should be simple. Besides obvious career benefits, a college education broadens horizons and allows Airmen to change their outlook on the world.Works CitedThe Insider Air Force Education Programs. 24 Jul. 2003. 13 despoil 2005.

Industrial Security Plan Essay

Roles and Responsibilities of Industrial Safety and Security OfficersSafety and security in the industrial setting argon elements that atomic number 18 involve for the guard of the prove, its mental faculty, and the unexclusive in the surrounding area. As a constantly evolving process, the use of safety and security officers is also paramount in the obligement of policies and procedures to decrease or eliminate crack or loss. Safety and security power are responsible for enforcing organization rules and regulations concerning security and safety, (Fisher & Green, 2004).Each organization has its own rules, regulations, policies, and code of conduct to protect the staff from hazards such(prenominal) as fire, accidents, product tampering, and possible terrorist attacks. Local, state and federal regulations are also included in these policies to increase and maintain the safety of the staff and public. other role of safety and security personnel involves maturation measures and action plans for the preventing and responding to cases related to fires, industrial accidents, natural disasters, theft, vandalism and medical emergencies, (Fisher & Green, 2004).The safety and security staff are responsible for consulting a compeverys best policies and procedures to create and enact standards to prevent the above mentioned threats. Safety and security personnel are also evaluate to, gather intelligence information that would assist in anticipating the pass byrence of any threat to organizational safety and security, ( internationalist Foundation for Protection Officers, 2003). This would allow the security and safety staff to adequately respond to industrial accidents such as fire or breach of security and ensure the proper emergency services are notified.Maintaining OSHA and EPA RegulationsA compliance assistant who works for OSHA states, the most cited violationsare fall protection, hazard colloquy, respiratory protection, control of hazardous energy, pow ered industrial trucks, ladders, electrical wiring, industrial machines and improperly guarded floors and wall openings, (Spencer ,2013). Before OSHA was created in 1970, work related accidents accounted for more than 14,000 deaths of employees and staff. Nearly two and a half million workers were disabled and new-made cases of occupational diseases gibeed three hundred thousand.With the creation of OSHA pressure on most organizations increased to provide a safer workplace for employees except some self employed individuals, farmers, and government employees. centering is obligated to provide the needed resources and funding for OSHA and EPA program implementation. This allows the personnel chosen by management the authority to maintain and enforce all needed safety regulations in the workplace. Normally a safety officer, this individual finds, prevents, or controls hazards as well as training and educating employees in OSHA and EPA regulations and policies.The easiest course t o enforce regulations and policies in any organization is to enact and enforce them in the beginning of operations. Safety officers must then maintain an open line of communication with OSHA and EPA inspectors to maintain standards and note changes in regulations and provisions.Allowing an open door policy with employees is also beneficial as violations can be noted and employees can be develop and informed of changes. According to Spencer (2013), That for every one dollar spent on safety and health, workes get at least four dollars back and sometimes as much as a ten dollar return on investment.While the task of enforcing OSHA and EPA regulations and provisions may seem impossible, properly maintaining reports and record keeping can make passing inspections easier and less daunting. In order to meet or exceed the minimum requirements of OSHA and the EPA, following the set order of compliance allows the force to keep employees safe.By January 1, 1991, and by the beginning of ea ch succeeding fiscal year, EPA and OSHA will develop an annual work plan to identify and define the priorities to be addressed during the year. This work plan will include an identification of specific types of facilities to be jointly addressed during the year, (EPA/OSHA, 1991).Emergency ResponseWhen dealing with incidents that threaten the plant or employees such as fire, chemical release, or natural disasters unique challenges are created. These normally require the assistance of local, state, and federal government agencies that demand a centralized command structure. Founded in 2003 as a response to errors in the Katrina disaster, the National Incident Management System (NIMS) is a system that provides the ability for local, state, and federal agencies the ability to work together regardless of the size or complexity of a disaster, (Kirkwood,2011).Using the Incident prevail System (ICS), the working characteristics, interactive managing and mechanisms, and verbalism of occurr ence management and disaster response associations engaged throughout the life cycle of an incident are defined. Initially, the first step of the response is to evaluate the total scope of the incident by continually determining the type of hazard as well as estimates of possible damage to the environment, critical systems, life, and property. After these questions are answered the next step, an action plan, is created.The second step requires local, state, and federal agencies to create an action plan that is based on the response plans of the independent agencies and each agency takes office for a different part of the action plan. The plan is then deployed after it is developed with each agency providing their assets to the task at hand and is guided by the unified chain of command through the ICS and the Incident Commander.The Incident Commanders main responsibility is to ensure the incident is handled safely, efficiently, and effectively to minimize injury, death, and so a ge nial outcome can be achieved. In the occurrence of a disaster, the incident commander has activated five functional areas of the incident command system 1. Command2. Operations3. Planning4. Logistics5. Finance/AdministrationEach of these functional areas performs specific duties working together as required by the National Incident Management System and report to the incident commander. Operations take the responsibility of managing thetactical operations of the incident and they direct their activities towards reducing the hazard, saving lives and property, establishing control of the situation, and restoring normal conditions. Agencies such as fire, police, public health, public works, and emergency services all working together, (Homeland security, 2004), comprise this section.Planning is responsible for the collecting, evaluating, and disseminating tactical information pertaining to the incident. This section maintains control of the personnel, facilities, supplies and equipment apply during the incident and keeps track of all resources available as well as knowing where all groups are assigned. All arriving personnel check in with this department so that they may be properly assigned and accounted for. Logistics receives all requests for resources needed for the incident and orders the needed equipment such as supplies, food services, communications, transportation, and medical services as required.The facilities unit sets up and maintains all facilities needed during the incident such as places to sleep, food and water service, showers and sanitation. Portable toilets, lighting units and shower facilities are included in the facilities units responsibilities during the incident, (Homeland security, 2004). The communications units duties are to make the most effective use of the communications equipment and facilities assigned to the incident, installs and tests all communications equipment, (Homeland security, 2004). Communications is responsible for i ssuing and recovering any communication equipment assigned to the personnel working the incident as well as maintaining and repairing the equipment as needed.The need for communications during any incident is of paramount magnificence when dealing with any hazard or incident response. Food services are responsible for controlling the feeding of all incident response personnel and arrange services to do so. The medical units responsibility is to control any medical care that must be performed when incident personnel are hurt or harmed in their duties. The finance/administration department is responsible for controlling costs and also for the administration of the different departments during an incident response.Disaster Response and tenacity PlanIn the event of an incident or disaster and the possible impact to employees and the publics health and safety, external agencies may be required to assist in lessening the effect of injuries or death. Using the National Incident Manageme nt System and the Incident Command System to successfully meld external organizations into the plan or process is paramount depending on the incidents severity. Event integration of the incident command system begins at notification and, once immaterial agencies are notified, getting the authority that has jurisdiction to a specific location is the first requirement.This requires providing clear specific information about the event and then developing the incident command structure with clearly defined roles and responsibilities for each responding agency whether local, state, or federal. Depending on the incident and the possible impact to employees and the public, the organization needs to shuffle the National Incident Management System into their disaster response plans in a systematic and proactive approach.NIMS provides organizations with assistance agreements and mutual aid agreement templates when incidents occur as well to assist in recovery. Following NIMS guidelines bef ore an incident occurs also assists in preparing and organizing for vulnerabilities the organization may face. The main aspect of any business continuity plan is to effectively allow the organization to survive and mitigate any losses and should be the number one priority. The second should be the order of battle and security of all business related data and materials.This can be achieved through preparing hard copies of the data, having data stored on offsite devices, and storing data on devices protected from outdoors environments. Materials and orders also need to be tracked effectively so that in the event of an incident, the organization does not suffer further loss. It is also advisable to grant secondary locations to use in the event of an incident or natural disaster. This would allow the organization to maintain operations or to regain operations speedy with lower loss of income.ReferencesFisher R. & Green G (2004). Introduction to Security. Butterworth- Heinemann Publi sher Homeland security. (2004, March 1). National incident management system PDF . Retrieved fromhttp//www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/dhs/nims.pdf International Foundation for Protection Officers (2003). Protection Officer Training Manual. USA, Butterworth PublishersKirkwood S. (2011). NIMs and ICS From Compliance to Competence. Retrieved from http//www.emsworld.com/print/EMS-World/NIMS-and-ICSFrom-Compliance-to- Competence/1$7052Spencer, J.R. (2013). OSHA inspection prep Have a plan stool when inspectors come knocking. New York, NY Headline News.MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING BETWEEN THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OFLABOR OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATIONAND THE U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION representation OFFICE OFENFORCEMENT (02/13/1991, EPA/OSHA) Section III Article A Paragraph 2 https//www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_id=238&p_table=mou

X: Relative Clause

Words from the text Meanings lifted 1 . Appeared for the first time came on the scene 2. Accepting shock with 3. Moving to a new position decimated 4. To blame Apple comprehend 5. Loses the opportunity/ -ties is lifting 6. Stole shifting 7. Be expert in reshaping 8. Changing the anatomical structure to do so 9. Destroyed misses out on 10. Is raising too higher level excelled at 11. In conflict with 5 Ideas Apple joyously Stole From Google, Twitter, and Microsoft By Mark Wilson (12 December 2013) (Modified Version) Mark Wilson is a writer who started Philanthropy. Com.His work has also appeared at Gizmo, Kodak, Pommel, Oppose, Esquire, American Photo and Lucky Peach. . If sis 7 and SO X Mavericks look a bit familiar, yet , there are at least five good reasons for that. Apple lifted them from other(a) innovators, and then made them slightly better. For those whove been following the minor details of interface design, you pull up stakes see that many of their ideas, from SO X Mave rick to sis 7 are actu all(prenominal)y old, or at the very least familiar. It is impossible to look at Apples latest software without seeing the influence of Windows 8, humanoid, and even Chromosomes.But as Steve Jobs once famously paraphrased (and the tech press has mentioned this quite often), Good artists borrow, great artists steal. Here is some of what Apple stole in their latest software updates and, in many cases, made better 2. The first thing you notice when looking at sis 7 is the flatness. The home screens icons lack a p finaleic light (shine). Messages chat bubbles are no longer bubbly. Furthermore, each button has been improved with a 2-D presence. 3. But the second thing you will notice are the better-looking printed directly on a pane of glass.Meanwhile, your desktop or app blurs away in the backgroundstill there, Just no longer noticeable. 4. Its a travesty that we originally saw n Rare, the Windows Vista transparent interface that was complained for requiring powerful graphics cards. Also, there is a big difference in implementation. Whereas Microsoft used transparency to sell us on the grandeur (greatness) of 3-D, Apple is using it to subtly highlight the otherwise hidden depth of its flat interface. The effect is humbugging (improved culture), as a photo of a friend or child hides below, tempering the graphic minimalism (simplicity). 5.When Android came on the scene, it was incredibly ugly, however, it came with one stunning (special) feature cognize as live wallpapers. They were actually a poor design choice, generally clashing with icons and distracting your eye from the I-Jell. Moreover, they further decimated Androids already horrible battery life. 6. Today, Apple isnt embracing a fully animated background with sis 7, but it is lifting the detailed weather screens that were probably the live wallpapers greatest hallmark. More importantly, though, Apple is also exalt the homepage in a far subtler way parallax (make it come alive) viewing.As the angle of the phone changes in your hand, the image shifts so you can actually look around and nether icons. No doubt Google wanted your desktop to feel alive. With sis gs responsive, parallax home screen, the phone might Just do that. 7. Apple is shifting APS like make over to a browser-based panel, where every change you make is automatically synced (synchronized) in the cloud. You can even open rework on a PC and, because of this setup, experience the analogous rework I-Jell as you contract on your Mac.Like a car company reshaping the lines of its iconic (well known) sports car over five to ten years, Apple is coyly (very slowly) succor us into the app as a cloud wrapper, while solving one of Apples greatest problems today How to sync a seers APS across desktops and mobiles. Now, is that the right approach for a design leader? I dont know. But it is the proven way for a big company to make big changes without causing frustrations for the consumers. But In Desig n, larceny Is A Good Thing 8. It is easy to read an article like this one and blame Apple.But to do so misses out on the greater archives at play. Truth be told, Apple is rarely the first to market with any technological trick. Moreover, it even stole the GUI from Xerox What Apple has excelled at (outshines) for decades is the ability to lift all the right parts of all the eight designs and place them all in the right places. Apple will sell us on Chromosomes, in their own way, Just like it convinced us that a battery-powered hard drive was the greatest portable music faker ever invented. In Apples hands, discrete (separate) piece of design can become a masterpiece.Activity 3 Individual / Pair-work There are all to watchher eight paragraphs. In the table below, each paragraph has been summarized in two ways. Your task is to identify the best summary of each paragraph and your lecturer will lead a discussion on the correct answers. Paragraph One Sentence Summary . Apple has been m odifying other tech giants ideas and has been successful in most cases. B. Apple has been illegally using other companys ideas in its products. 2 a. The screen does not shine any more. B. Reducing its brightness and appearance of buttons in 2-D enhances the flat screen. A. Transparency is enhanced. B. deepen transparency allows the letters to appear clearly on the glass while the background icons weaken. 4 a. Microsoft advertised the wonderful 3-D interface, and Apple refined the theory by making it more appealing to the users. B. Apple made a trick. 5 a. The first Android came with the new impression of live wallpapers. B. Initial Android version was not popular. 6 a. Apples desktop uses live wallpaper in a more humble and satisfying way. B. Apple just might belabor Google in making the desktop more alive with live wallpaper. 7 a.Apple is modifying rework so that what you do on your computer is also being through with(p) in the cloud. B. As Apple progressively modifies its AP S, its users are also being gradually trained to use cloud-based app. 8 a. Apples strength is to modify the existing ideas and shape a new product that becomes a work of art. B. Apple is now trying to create its Chromosomes. Activity 4 Individual or Paperwork Your lecturer will fall flat you feedback on this. Do this activity on a piece of paper. Write a summary of the article by following these instructions Your summary should be no more than 70 words.Combine the one sentence summary of each paragraph. lend oneself linking words to show the relationship between details. Add a composition sentence (a claim) to the beginning of the summary. (Look at the title of the article. How does it link to the one sentence summaries of the paragraphs? ) Add a concluding sentence to the summary. Add in-text referencing. Language in Use Make your sentence more informative with congenator Clauses Activity 1 Lecture on Relative Clause class discussion3 minutes Compare the sentences in the two columns and decide which version appears to be more efficient way of writing. wherefore? Version A Version B The dog chased the cat that killed the mouse that ate the lay off that was made from the milk that came from the cow that farmer Simon bought. The dog chased the cat. The cat killed the mouse. The mouse ate the cheese. The cheese was made from the milk. The milk came from the cow. The farmer Simon bought a cow. Why do we use relative clauses? To add important details / culture To make the sentence concise and informative To keep your focus clear Relative clause begins with a relative pronoun.Relative pronouns are that, who, whom, whose, which, where, when, and why Most common relative pronouns are who/ whom, whose, that, and which. Comma or No Comma? When the relative clause adds necessary (important) information to the main sentence, NO COMMA is unavoidablenessed. Martin who/m I used to work with is moving to Canada. (There is more than one Martin. So it is important to specify which Martin ) Martin, whom I worked closely with, is moving to Canada. Relative clause is not important. ) This is true only for relative clauses that appear in the middle of the main sentence.If the relative clause appears right at the start, you NEED a comma. When Martin first moved to Chucking, he could not speak Malay. If the relative clause appears right at the end, you DONT NEED a comma. Martin could not speak Malay when he first moved to Chucking. Activity 2 Practice Write the appropriate relative pronoun in each blank below. Also, add the commas where necessary. Whom whose who that which 1 . Apple is releasing I-Phone Xi this week. Apple is a multinational company. 2. The CEO is a Malaysian. The CEO founded Giant supermarket. 3. The Malaysia Prime Minister speaks English fluently. Many pile love him. . Steve Jobs died a year ago. Steve Jobs was the CEO of Apple. 5. This is the house. Jack had built this house. 6. I dont understand people. These people eat popcorn during the movie. 7. The professor recently received a promotion. I respect him highly. 8. Susan is my cousin. Her car was stolen last week. 9. This is John. I wanted to speak to him. Activity 3 Is stealing always a bad thing? Group parole Blob 10 minutes whether the singers of the twenty songs using the same four cords in the Youth lip and Apples use of Microsofts live wallpaper technology are ethically welcome or not.You also need to support your claim with evidence. Everyone must share your thoughts at least twice during the discussion. Remember to be polite and support your base members. Activity 4 Elaborate Argument Discussion Board 1 5 minutes In the Discussion Board, write your response to the following question When is stealing an acceptable act? You need to make reference to Four Cords Songs and 5 Ideas Apple Gleefully Stole from Google. Your paragraph should have at least six sentences. Make original that the iris sentence clearly shows your position on this issue.Che ck for Subject Verb agreement and correct verb tense. Activity 5 Relative Clause I lecturer will give you feedback at the end of the activity Combine the two sentences using an appropriate relative clause. Use commas where necessary. 1. The expiration date is clearly posted on the package. Many consumers do not read the expiration date. 2. The blender is on sale today. The blender has many features. (Blenders usually come with multiple functions. ) 3. The client came from Europe. The client is satisfied with our new product. (We get linens from all over the world. 4. The client came from Europe. The client is asking for a speedy delivery. (All our clients are from Europe. ) 5. The missing meeting minutes has important details for our Director. I have been looking for the meeting minutes. (If it is missing, people should look for it ) Activity 6 Relative Clause II lecturer will give you feedback at the end of the activity Rewrite cartel the pair of sentences with a relative clause. Also, decide whether or not to use the commas. 1. Do you know the girl? The girl is talking to John. 2. An airline pilot is a trained pilot.He/ She works for a commercial airline. 4. My sister lives in KILL. She came to see me last week. (I have only one sister. ) 5. My sister lives in KILL. She came to see me last week. (I have more than one sister. ) 6. Pewters mother has lost her car key. Pewters mother is a musician. 7. Tony Fernando came to Sinecure yesterday. He is the owner of Air Asia. Activity 7 Revision lecturer will give you feedback at the end of the activity Choose the most appropriate linking word from the list for each blank. Then, write one sentence summary for the paragraph. As we can see, Secondly, Finally, althoughFirstly, I believe that 1 behaving ethically is very important, it is difficult to define what ethical behavior is. 2 although there is some common understanding about the concept ethics, not everyone understands it in exactly the same way. 3. According to the experts, there are numerous approaches to make an ethical decision. 4. A variety of ethical decisions can be made for one same situation. 5. Since it is difficult to agree on what constitute ethical behavior, there are many instances of unethical behaviors among the government and non- government bodies all over the world. One Sentence Summary

Compare and contrast the main principles in psychoanalysis therapy and behavior therapy Essay

In generally, the bulk of people argon experienced in any condition of anxiety and first gear as part of their life. Good mental health is defined as a person whose ability to satisfy in any condition as tumefy as sustain his/her brains health in good relationships to others. (Grohol, 2008) However, Kendra Cherry (2010) educator also indicated that social cont comprise must be needful in rig to maintain their life balance.(p5-8) Undeniably, too many emotions have been brought about a huge amount of mental health problem which caused a very moody. The aim of this essay is to focus on the principles of mental health problem in psychoanalysis and deportment therapy, comparing these two therapies in detail. The main argument of this essay is to evaluate these two therapies whether they are effective or not. Main Body psychoanalysis therapyAccording to Anthony Elliott (1995), The relevance and importance of psychoanalysis is to chafe the proliferation of approaches in social-theore tical thinking and the concept of physical health problem as it related in this essay.(p.5) Simply, psychoanalysis therapy is take to the woods to release repressed emotions including addiction, anxiety and depression which used to treat and relax patients mind. To clarify human psyche of psychoanalysis therapy, psychoanalysis seems to be focused on early childhood. steps in integrationAccording to the book Psychoanalysis, Literature and War (Steiner , 1997 64-69), psychoanalytical process is likely to be reflected in early infantile development. For the psychological perspective, scientists observed that the early infantile object relationships tend to influence deeply the whole of psychological work. For instance, when the happen to people during childhood could be affected later act as adults. Obviously, psychoanalytic therapy is made as a handling which solve the conflicts surrounded by unconscious and conscious mind.In short, frequently, psychoanalysis therapy is tend to be clarified as a treatment to look how the unconscious influence the humans thoughts and behaviors, especially during the earlychildhood experience. bearing therapyBehavior therapy also can be involved as a treatment which is focused on the idea we learn from the environment as well as influenced by observing the behaviors of others. Generally, the majority of people who have anxiety disorder, phobias and depression due to their behavior alterations. These symptoms are likely happened because the behaviour change to emerge any problems which caused by the systematic desensitization. Behavior therapy of personalityAccording to the book Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Lawrance, 2002) demonstrated that a type of techniques respondent conditioning, operant conditioning and social learning are relied on the principles of operant conditioning. For example, teachers utilize punishment to attempt or alter students behaviour. Moreover, a child who finishes his works will get as a pay off to go to the park. This practices mean that whether it is punishment or reward, reinforcement could be used to strengthen, develop or enhance behaviour. Moreover, behavior therapy also is likely to about observation. experimental learning basically refers to a type of processes. According to Art Markman (2013), Attentional process is the act of perceiving or watching and learning from others. When people focus on goals and actions, the process is tend to allow for those who want to achieve that goal. Simply, the behavior would be reflected persons actions across situation automatically. The another main process is memory board process which refers to memorizing that has been observed. For the positive perspective, in order to achieve the goal, it is important that the person participants in the process actively rather than being a passive spectator. Obviously, behavior therapy is likely to be a function in prescribing curative procedures that will lead to improved behavior.Evaluat e the treatment of efficacyPsychoanalysis therapyGenerally, psychoanalysis treatment is done by face-to-face individually with the patient rather than group work. The psychologists focus in treatment are usually analyze the patients situation and the vogue related to theirconflicts or problems. First of all, in the short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy general target in social functioning and clarify what psychiatric symptoms is. According to Erik Driessen (2011, 74(1)58-71), short-run Psychodynamic Psychotherapy (STPP) is used to treat in personality and depression disorders. Utilizing the time-honoured approach is likely a way to evaluate a patient for their development. He has also done the research that 68% of 341 patients for major depressive disorder have been counted in the primary analysis for 3 months.Although the consequence has no significant differences between on any treatment, psychodynamic psychotherapy is tend to be effective treatment only when it analyses the sl owly growing body of work. In the other hand, due to the shy(predicate) short-term psychotherapy, psychologists examine the efficacy to long-term psychotherapy in interwoven mental health. During in their experiment lasting for least a year, 971 patients have been include to conduct a meta-analysis of Long-Term Pavement Performance (LTPP). The result demonstrated that the participants (LTPP) compared with the less intensifier forms of psychotherapy between 0.48 0.68 (effect size). That means LTPP is superior than less intensive forms of psychotherapy in complex mental health. Obviously, long-term psychotherapy is tend to be more essential and efficient than other psychotherapy. (Leichsenring, 2011) Behaviour therapyBehaviour readjustment is the importance of experimental analysis of behaviour development which are based in operant conditioning or the practical development in order to alter behaviour. According to the University Complutense of Madrid, (Labardor, 2004) the resear ch indicated that psychotherapy could be used to control the sense of trying to recover or alter behaviour.( p178-187) For example, if the individual who is depressed, create a new possibility encourage he/she to seek out reinforcers through hobbies or social activities which the problem could be extinguished. For any disorder, utilizing behavioural programmes lead to permit the patient learn or identify the problem behaviour and solve.Furthermore, a group of people who are experienced in long working hour, tend to be encountered the problem of insomnia. When the situation is inability to obtain adequate amount of sleep within 15 minutes, it is recommended to set a limit hours in any night. (Peter, 2011) Sleep restriction is a behaviortherapy of treatment for insomnia. Sleeping in the limiting time, sleep efficiency would be improved by your behaviour change as applying the psychotherapy. However, the treatment of behaviour therapy could not apply all circumstances due to the rest riction of person. For example, in some case, a loss of important reading of the person of causes or the persons history to determine current behaviour. ConclusionIn this essay, it compare and contrast the differences between psychoanalysis therapy and behavior therapy. Psychoanalysis therapy is the method which used to extinguish a persons depression with using the social-theoretical thinking and the concept of physical health problem. Comparing with the behaviour therapy, it appears to show the idea we learn from the environment thus behavior change. Indeed, living in a modern world, imitation is the technical ability which is inherent belonging to the basic nature of someone. The humans behaviour is led to follow by observing the behaviors of others. Although, these two therapies aims to deal with a range of psychological difficulties, behaviour therapy tends to can directly to the patient for treating his/her feelings or action. However, in another way, behaviour therapy is not the best treatment which use to approach serious psychological disorder much(prenominal) as depression and anxiety disorder.Reference list1. Cherry, K (2010). The Everything Psychology Book Explore the Human Psyche and Understand Why We Do the Things We Do . 2nd ed. 0 Adams Media Corporation. p5-82. Driessen E. (2011). The efficacy of short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy for depressive disorders with comorbid personality disorder. Psychiatry 74(1)58-71.3. Driessen E Cuijpers P de Maat SC Abbass AA de Jonghe F Dekker JJ The efficacy of short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy for depression a meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev 2010 3025364. Elliott, A (1995). Psychoanalysis in contexts. USA Routledge. P2.5. Freud, S (2002). Sigmund Freud. London Routledge. p. 5-76. Grohol, J. (2008). What is Good Mental Health?. Psych Central. Retrieved on October 20, 2013, from http//psychcentral.com/ intercommunicate/archives/2008/06/02/what-is-good-mental-health/7. Lawrance A. Vitulano, Jacob Kr aemer Tebes. Child and adolescent behaviour therapy. In Melwin Lewis Ed Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, A Comprehensive Textbook. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2002998-10158. Leichsenring, F. (2011). Long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy in complex mental disorder. The british Journal of Psycharity. 10 (2), p15-22.9. Labardor, F. (2004). The spanish Journal of Psychology. Skinner and the Rise of Behavior Modification and Behavior Therapy. 7 (2), p178-187.10. Markman ,A. (2013). Psychology Today. Available http//www.psychologytoday.com/blog/ulterior-motives/201306/culture-affects-attention-goals-and-processes.11. Peter, B. (2011). Sleep Restriction is an Effective Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia.12. Steiner, J . (1997). Earky infantile develoment as reflected in the psychoanalytical process step in integration. In Elizabeth Bott Spillius psychoanalysis, literature and War. naked York Britush Library Cataloguing in Publication Data. p64-69

Inestigating the Affect of Yeast Concentration on the Breakdown

Investigating a factor that affects the rate of enzyme activity Enzymes speed up reactions. They obligate an area with a very particular shape called the active commit. When the right molecule comes along (substrate molecule) it leave al whiz fit perfectly into the active site and there leave alone be a reaction. After the reaction the products then leave the active site. This process is often referred to as the lock and key speculation as only one enzyme can carry out one type of reaction. The catalase enzyme speeds up the breakdown of henry peroxide into oxygen and piddle.The hydrogen peroxide molecule acts as the substrate molecule and enters the active site where it is broke down into oxygen and water. The oxygen and water then leave the active site. Catalase enzyme hydrogen peroxide (toxic) oxygen + water In the investigation I am doing, these are the factors I could change * The concentration of the enzyme * Increase the temperature * Increase the PH I obtain chosen t o investigate how the concentration of the enzyme affects the rate of reaction. I expect that the more concentrated the enzyme the faster the reaction time will be.Changing the concentration of the enzyme will affect the rate of the reaction. I predict that as we increase the concentration of the enzyme the faster the rate of reaction will be. I think this because as you summate more catalase, the catalase will be able to break down more hydrogen peroxide molecules because there will be more active sites, notwithstanding there will be a point where increasing the concentration of enzymes will be pointless as there will already be the same amount of active sites as hydrogen peroxide molecules.I predict that the rate of reaction with 20 catalase will be double that of 10 catalase because if you have double the catalase then they will digest the hydrogen peroxide twice as quick. Equipment * Small measuring cylinder 100ml * Pipette * 3 large beakers 200ml * mini cylinder 10ml * Delive ry tube and bung * Goggles * Bowl * Test tube * Test tube rack * Little beaker 50ml Preliminary method 1. consecrate on goggles 2. Fill 2 200ml beakers with 150 mls of water in each, one 200ml beaker with anything from 50-200ml of yeast and one 50ml beaker with 50ml of hydrogen peroxide. . Fill one large bowl full of water 4. Then, Place test tube rack on desk and place on test tube in it. 5. Next, overeat a 100ml measuring cylinder with 100ml of water. 6. Put out a 10ml measuring cylinder and fill it with the appropriate amount of yeast and water according to your come out using a pipette. 7. Place your hand over the top of the 100ml measuring cylinder, turn it over and place it in the bowl, trying not to lose too much water. 8. Place the delivery tube under the measuring cylinder. 9.Then add 2ml of hydrogen peroxide to the test tube using a pipette. 10. Measure the water in the measuring cylinder and record it and then quickly add the yeast and water to the test tube, place th e bung in and start the hold back watch. 11. At 1 minute record the water level again. 12. Wash the pipette using one of the beakers of water and then repeat the experiment with a different yeast and water ratio (remember to repeat them 3 times to make the results reliable). Oxygen produced Oxygen producedPreliminary results table Volume of yeast(cm3) Volume of water(cm3) Volume of hydrogen peroxide(cm3) Time (s) Test 1 Test 2 average 8 0 2 60 12cm3 9cm3 10. 5cm3 4 4 2 60 6cm3 5cm3 5. 5cm3 1 7 2 60 1cm3 0cm3 0. 5cm3 From this practical I have decided on my range. My highest will be 8cm3 of yeast and no water and my lowest will be 1cm3 of yeast and 7cm3 of water. I have decided on these results because they have provided a sufficient difference between them and have a clear difference.

Bu340 Managerial Finance 1

Managerial Finance 1 Assignment 01 11-13 -12 1). A limited partnership allows some of the investors to limit their liability. Under these terms, one or more partners are designated general partners and have unlimited liability for the debts of the firm others contributors are designated limited partners and are liable only for their initial contribution. For extype Ale, if partner A and B contribute and of the capital respectively, limited partnership dictates that partner A is liable for only the initial contribution. ). Insider trading occurs when a person has development that is not procurable to the public and then uses this information to profit from trading in companys publicly trading securities.This practice is illegal and protected by the administration agency called as. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). For Example, if company As CEO didnt trade on the undisclosed takeover news, but instead passed the information on to his relative brother in law who traded on i t, illegal insider trading is would still have occurred. ). Depreciation is a non bills expense it has an impact on net cash flow because of its impact on taxes. Every dollar of depreciation expense reduces taxable income by one dollar and thus reduces taxes owed by 1% generation the firms marginal tax rate. Accelerated depreciation the tax benefits forward in time, and thus increases the present value of the tax shield, thereby increase the value of the project. 4). Inflation is an increase in the price of goods and services over a certain period of time.In general the price of a product get out rise a certain percentage each year. Inflation restricts the usefulness of a respite sheet because actual prices change over time. A balance sheet uses historical or actual values which are not adjusted for inflation. If a person relies on a balance sheet to rig the actual price of a good or service the balance sheet will shows the lower historical price and not the current price. Refer ences Block, S. B. , & Hirt. , G. A. )2008). Foundations of financial management (12th ed. ). Boston McGraw-Hill Irwin

Chemistry Experiment: Bubble Blowing

Bubble quality Is most positively affected by the mixture of abrasion and dish detergent due to the sticky dead body of sugar when emerged in liquid. Procedure First of all, three cups were labeled according to their solution.Then, a teaspoon of dish soap and two-thirds of a cup of water was added and merge to make cupl . Next, a half teaspoon of table sugar was added to the same control solution and was named cup 2, as well as half a teaspoon of table salt to cup 3. After that, a straw was used to blow bubbles, by being dipped into separately solution separately and blown through. Finally, data was recorded.Control Sugar salt Appearance of Solution Colorless More translucent than control Cloudy Bubble sizing Generally small occasionally medium Consistently medium-sized bigger than control Medium to large Ease of Bubble Blowing Easy to blow Must be gentle Moderately easy Some strength and speed needed Difficult Must be gentle and slow *Relative Time in the lead Bubbles Popped 5-10 seconds 15-20 seconds 10-15 seconds * Time started when bubble left straw and popped, under any circumstances, such as touching objects.Analysis The effects of adding table salt and sugar are positive, In comparison to the control. Both of the added ingredients made the overall bubble quality stronger. The refusing to pop for about 15-20 seconds. This is most likely because when sugar dissolves, it becomes sticky therefore, it would make a tackier fond regard with the dish soap than the control. On the other hand, although very slow and gentle blows were deed to produce adequate bubbles with the salt solution, it was much stronger than the control its relative date before the bubbles popped was about 10-15 seconds, whilst the control only lasted around 5-10 seconds.Hence, if one were to pick out the strongest solution, the table sugar mixture would be the best. Conclusion The previous possibility that, bubble quality improves with the addition of sugar, has been pr oven true. To improve this experiment, an increase in amount of the table salt and sugar should be made. This will create a more drastic and clear difference. Also, a bigger area of space would allow the bubbles to freely move and give more accurate times on their survival.Another hypothesis regarding bubble making is that adding both, salt and sugar, to dish soap will boost the bubble quality. By taking in both strong qualities of the sugar solutions strength and the salts size, this solution will be better than both the salt and sugar mixtures alone. In order to do this, one teaspoon of each ingredient, salt and sugar, should be added to a two- thirds cup of water. Stir well, and blow with adjustments to speed and strength, with a straw.

Literary Analysis on Screwtape Letters by C.S. Lewis

Literary Analysis The Screwtape Letters by C. S. Lewis By Agatha Xaris Villa A. groundwork & Rationale It is said that among the major literary genres recognized today, the novel is the most accessible to the majority of the readership. However, in terms of stylistic analysis, novels argon the most ambitious subjects to analyze. However, a trend that has been observed for the bulk of the twentieth-century is that literary criticism conducted on the genre of narrative texts (i. e. novels) have primarily foc utilize on narrative heyday of think (Short, 1996, pg. 56) and this is non without ca enjoyment. Among the literary genres, the novel, prototypically, has the most complex narrative discourse mental synthesis. In dividing line to the prototypical poem and play, the novel has at least common chord takes of discourse the occasion-reader, character-character level, and the storyteller-narratee level (Short, 1996, pg. 256-257). The complexity of the novels discourse structure is why it has the most number of bases and why it is believed to be the most ideal literary form in which to study view load (Short, 1996, pg. 257)In light of this premise, I shall be attempting to objectively conduct a literary analysis on an extract taken from The Screwtape Letters (1942), the popular satire written by C. S. Lewis with a focus on point of view. When I first read The Screwtape Letters, one of the aspects which I lay out most refreshingly original and creative about the text was the mien in which this age-old story of good VS evil was presented by the author. While in that location ar certainly other creative aspect in the text, C. S. Lewis creative manipulation of viewpoint is what I believe provides readers with that distinct sense of creativity and originality.To conduct this thesis, I will be exploring viewpoint from both macro-level (describing the general discourse relations in the novel) and micro-level (giving an answer for of the linguistic indica tors of viewpoint that show how the author manipulates viewpoint through smaller-scale linguistic choices). B. Basic Information about the Story The Screwtape Letters is what is known as an epistolary novel a narrative that is told through a series of documents (usually journal entries or garner) from the pen of one or more characters from the story.A characteristic of such types of novels is its ability to provide a very intimate and in-depth view of the writers giving the story a good dose of realness. In all, The Screwtape Letters is comprised of a series of 31 permitters written by one of conflagrations own undersecretaries a high-standing ogre by the name of Screwtape, who is writing to his nephew, Wormwood, who has only just received his first patient. Throughout the letters, Screwtape passes to Wormwood techniques on lure and basic devilry all to secure the eternal damnation of this one soul in the courts of their Father Below.From his own morally-reversed demonic pers pective, Screwtape explains (to Wormwood) and unveils (to the reader) a naked as a jaybird perspective on the eldritchity of everyday life approximatelything that ordinary men and women are unaware of. He also shows a very vivid contrast between the modalitys of The Father Below and The Enemy (God). Of course, as a demon, he speaks of The Enemy and his ways with disdain and disgust but to the Christian reader, these are mere affirmations of faith. The story ends as the worst of Screwtapes own bad scenarios is indeed realized in the goal of the patient in an air-raid.As mentioned, there are often several levels of discourse to be considered to understand what is going on. In the look of The Screwtape Letters, I believe there are three a novelist-reader level, narrator-narratee level and the character-character level (as illustrated below). Level 1 Addresser 1 (C. S. Lewis) core Addres contrive 1 (Reader) Level 2 Addresser 2 (Screwtape narrator) MESSAGE Addressee 2 (Narra tee) Level 3 Addresser 3 (Screwtape character) MESSAGE Addressee 3 (Wormwood character)There are several interesting things to tonus in this storys discourse structure. First of all, it can be argued that all 3 levels on the Addresser side may resolve together whenever Screwtape speaks. As a demon, he on the face of it has a contrasting purpose and aim with regards to the human race and his letters reflect that view. He up to now defines certain sciences held by serviceman which are the direct result of demonic manipulation and propaganda. While he is not, in fact, addressing us humans, as narrator, it feels like he is talking directly to us effectively fulfilling the role of narrator.Furthermore, even though he is a demon, he is subject to pass water vivid and even impassioned descriptions of some of the Enemys (God) plans and intentions to the point that it sounds like treachery on his pgraphics. This, I believe is a way in which the authors own point of view may be heard through Screwtape himself. On the other hand, levels 1 and 2 of the Addressee side collapse together. The role of narratee (the person who is addressed by the narrator) in this narrative is more an abstract rather than a solidified concept simply because of the very reputation of the letters themselves private letters between uncle and nephew.As the reader reads, he or she takes up both book and role of narratee. In this way, the author is able to spin out us into the diabolical mind. As the narrative continues, the more we know of how demons operate the more we understand their side but it also further heightens our awareness of their perversity and evil. For the most part, the book follows the discourse structure outlined above (first-person narration) but this is not always the case. However, the fact that a large part of the discourse structure is collapsible further strengthens the argument that novels (and this particular story) are ideal for analyzing viewpoint.C. A nalysis of the Extract Based on Shorts work (1996), there are several different linguistic means available to the author to show and manipulate point of view. In this portion of the paper, I will evaluate and account for probatory instances of these indicators or lack thereof to substantiate the claim that viewpoint is a stand-out characteristic of this particular trance of text. 1 Schema-oriented language The study of cognitive science asserts that for comprehension to be achieved relevant background intimacy must(prenominal) be available and activated. This background knowledge is known as strategy (i. e. generic information about objects, people, situations and events)(Semino, 2006, pg. 38). The author has the ability to manipulate viewpoint by choosing to describe things from one particular point of view that is, schema-oriented language. The title of the book (The Screwtape Letters) as well as the continued use of the letter format in each chapter would have clued the re aders to the main viewpoint featured in the text that of Screwtape. In our extract (the 28th letter), Screwtape himself reveals the disparity between our perception about how demons see things and how they really perceive things.The opening of the extract would have had readers activating and using their schema related to demons, demonic activity, war and death. However as they continue reading, it becomes clear that the textual input actually deviates from their pre-existing expectations and causes schemas to be circumscribed (Semino, 2006, pg. 40). This experience is what is referred to as schema refreshment (Cook, 1994). The text begins to deviate from the norm when we read of Screwtape chastising his nephew for his naive way of perceiving death.In a strange move, he advises his nephew (lines 22-24) to comprise close attention to the physical safety of his patient because if he dies, you lose him (line 25). Overall, this come outs contradictory to our own conventional thinkin g about what demons think about death and Screwtape is fully aware that it is. In lines 20-21, he explains to Wormwood that humans tend to regard death as the prime evil and survival as the greatest good, and continues by citing that this is little more than the fruit of the devils own propaganda.Yet another part of the extract which seems to depart from our general assumptions regarding demonic activity is when Screwtape explains the opportunities that adversity, prosperity and languish life bring to demons. Naturally, people are in particular averse towards suffering of any kind however, to think that prosperity lends an even better probability for the demons cause may come as a shock for readers especially those that are not particularly verse in biblical teaching. Indeed, it is all important(p) to note that whether or not the reader experiences schema refreshment is entirely dependent on his or her personal schemata.Perhaps one of the reasons why this book has been well-r eceived by those in the Christian community is because they have the necessary schemata regarding demons and biblical teaching to help them grasp and appreciate the subtleties of C. S. Lewis satirical writing. One interesting thing to note is that Screwtapes worst-case scenario does come to pass in the endthe patient does die and is hence forever loosed from the demons clutches in the alike(p) way that Screwtape had described an air raid. Of course, Screwtape (the character) was not actually intending to predict the future. Value-laden expressions Viewpoint may also be controlled and manipulated by the author through small-scale linguistic choices regarding how to describe particular elements of the story. A characters viewpoint may be identified by highlighting their feelings or attitudes regarding something. For example, at the beginning of the chapter, Screwtape describes his nephews extravagance of the oncoming air raids as being infantile and that he is singularly obtuse in not providing him with the data he really wants.He repeats, do you not know (line 8-9) as if to further criticize his nephew for not referring to what should be common knowledge. Later, Screwtape says that he is ashamed to even have to explain it (lines 7-8). In all, all these value-laden expressions indicate that Screwtape is upset over his nephews incompetence and lack of common sense. 3 Given VS new information In writing a story, the author must make certain assumptions regarding the type of schema or common knowledge available to readers and use them to improve the communicative ability of his writing.Traditionally, whenever characters/1st person narrator/author want to introduce new information, they will need to use an indefinite member such as a. For example, in the extract, Screwtape mentions (for the first time) a great human philosopher (line 53) into the letter-ex salmagundi. As the story continues, characters may make references to things and events that have already been mentioned in the past and thus refer to them using the definite article the which is an indicator of given information.The extract, which is taken from the 28th chapter of the series, is actually a few chapters close to the end of the story and features a small summary of some of the things that Wormwood has tried. In lines 9-17, he refers to the worldly friends that Wormwood has tried to introduce to his patients, the girl (line 14) whom the patient has fallen in venerate with and the various methods Wormwood has used to corrupt the patients spiritual life.All these refer to events and entities in earlier chapters of the book. It is possible that even events and entities that have not been mentioned earlier receive definite reference because the author believes it to be general knowledge for readers or he is deliberately positioning readers in a position called in medias res (or already in the know (Short, 1996) a technique which is used to further intensify the readers clos eness to the events of the story.Take for instance, the references made by Screwtape regarding the characteristics that are being referred to as known characteristics of human mid-life crisis the long, dull, monotonous years of middle aged prosperity oradversity (line 27), the routine of adversity, the gradual decay of youthful loves and youthful hopes, the quiet despair of ever overcoming chronic temptations, the drabness which we create in their lives and the dumb resentment (lines 27-32). 4 Indicators of characters thoughts or perceptions The very nature of the extracts format is indicative of whose thoughts and perceptions we are reading.However, this also means that everything that is told in the narrative is limited to the perceptions of one character. To this end, the author does give some clues as to the level of factivity of Screwtapes views. In line 5, Screwtape writes that Wormwood seems singularly obtuse. While seem is not a popularly recognized factive verb, its inclus ion in this sentences tell us that there is a level of uncertainty. In line 17, Screwtape says with some level of certainty that if the patient died on that night, he will almost certainly be lost to them. And ironically, in the end, that is exactly what happened. Deixis One way in which the author may indicate particular or changing viewpoints is by using deictic expressions (i. e. , expressions which are indicative of the positioning of certain objects in relation to a deictic focal point the speaker) which may come in the form of demonstrative determiners or pronouns (e. g. this and that), deictic adverbs (e. g. here and there), deictic verbs (e. g. come, go, etc. ) and even try (e. g. now and then)(Short, 1996, pg. 269). There is relatively little use of deictic expressions to indicate changing viewpoints however, there are instances wherein deictic expressions indicate istance of certain objects from the position of the speaker. cipher lines 20-21 wherein Screwtape writes, T hey, of course, do tend to regard death as the prime evil and survival as the greatest good. The use of the pronoun they indicates Screwtapes attitude and perception towards humans that they are deictically remote from his physical position and psychological position (because they are not part of the conversation and do not share the corresponding perception regarding death). However, this sentence may make readers feel a distinct sense that they are eaves-dropping.Furthermore, the author is talking about the readers (us), through the character/narrator in the third person a round-about strategy that C. S. Lewis employs extensively for the purpose of teaching readers. Another type of deixis which may be found in the extract is the use of social deixis which refers to the use of different naming terms that indicate differences or similarities in social status and standing. Just as in every chapter of the book, Screwtape insists in using the greeting My Dear Wormwood and the closi ng remark Your affectionate uncle which tells of the close relationship between the two demons.While he is superior in rank and does confine the right to strongly criticize Wormwood, he seems to be doing so as a mentor to a beloved student an uncle to a nephew. That is, if familial love is even possible between demons. 6 The sequencing and organization of actions and events In novels, the way in which events are sequenced and portrayed is a means through which we can see the impressions and viewpoint of a particular character. In fact, this way of psychologically sequencing events is often used to present the perceptions of the I-narrator/character during the time of the events.The extract does not attempt to speed up any moments but seems to either be recalling past events or giving the viewpoint of someone who sees the human life from a higher vantage point allowing him to see a bigger picture. He cannot see the entire picture since he has neither hold nor distinct knowledge of the future. In conclusion to this segment, let us move from analyzing viewpoint simply from the point of view of spatial-temporal viewpoint onto examining viewpoint in terms of ideology or world-view the generalized mind-set our brainpower that a person, often a group representative, on the world. Ideological viewpoint In a way, there is no better, simpler or more logical way to be able to see simple complexity of C. S. Lewis use and manipulation of viewpoint in The Screwtape Letters than to analyze it from an ideological standpoint. It is interesting all in itself to find a human attempting to realistically enlighten readers about the truth behind human life from the point of view of a demon especially when that human is an unabashed and staunch follower of the Christian faith and makes no concessions regarding his own ideological point of view.Screwtape, in being a demon, obviously sees the world differently than humans or the good/God side. Human life is important to him only so far as it gives his side the opportunity to secure yet another soul for the fires of hell. Also, being a higher-ranked demon with more experience on the field, Screwtapes ideological point of view is different from that of Wormwood in that he has the benefit of resources and information that his inexperienced, first-time tempter nephew would not have access to. Thus, as was noted in the extract, he is not excited about the same things Wormwood is excited about e. . the war, death, etc. and he is rather forthright with the evaluations, judgments and advice he passes onto his nephew. However, Screwtape does have the propensity towards describing the Enemys position in quasi-fashion. As a demon, he is supposed to be in opposition to the Enemy however whenever he describes the Enemy, he becomes a puppet for the author to speak of the truth thus sounding like a completely different person at times. It is ironic because Screwtape himself does not agree with all the things that he says . For example in the wear two chapters of the etter (lines 40 65), he describes how the Enemy protects humans from the full brunt of demonic temptation by exercising His sovereign power over time and even them and his plan for humans in heaven. In his own demonic way, he sings praises to the work of the Enemy. D. Evaluations regarding literary analysis On the whole, it would seem that I have been able to support my initial interpretation regarding this piece of text. I have been able to describe the viewpoint of my extract from a macro and micro view as well as have found instances of most, if not all, of the linguistic indicators of viewpoint.However, there are limitations that I foresee both in my attempt and the practice and process of literary and stylistic analysis in general. First of all, for the purpose of manageability, I could not carry out an extensive analysis on my chosen piece of text. I was restricted to the analysis of an extract. In addition, I had to choose to co ncentrate on only one aspect of the text which means that I could not take into account other aspects of the text that may have given me a more rounded interpretation of the text.There is a great possibility that my objectivity in analyzing the text has been compromised from the very beginning since I began with an initial interpretation regarding the text. Furthermore, my personal schemata regarding the subject matter affects the way that I interpret texts and therefore the take of my literary criticism and analysis making it almost impossible to arrive at a completely unbiased and objective analysis. Being a Christian myself, I share the same ideological viewpoint as C. S. Lewis and interpreted the text with the same assumption.This is not to say that my beliefs are actually on the same page as the authors and truthfully, there is no way of knowing. This means that certain aspects of the text that appears outstanding to me may only be significant for me personally. Finally, an im portant thing to note is that stylistic analysis is in not a static output but may be subject to change in relation to the availability and status of resources available to analysts at any given time. As Short admits, no analysis is entirely objective it he sense that it is true for all time. With new forms of analysis come new findings and new or modified interpretations (1996, pg. 58). E. Conclusions on literary analysis While some may argue that the systematic way in which literary analysis studies literary texts may hinder analysts from simply partaking of the joy of reading, this has certainly not been the case for me. The Screwtape Letters has always been one of my favourite books of all times. After having analyzed one chapter, specifically with point of view as a theme of analysis, I now have a renewed sense of respect and admiration for the narrative skill of its creator and with the complexity of the creation itself.Overall, I believe that I have done my best to attempt t o systematically and objectively analyze the text and have managed to come to some conclusions that are both expected and unexpected. And charm I am sure that there are certainly some aspects I have missed out on or even overworked, I am quite satisfied with my attempt and hope to continue putting the practices of literary analysis to practice to enhance and deepen my understanding of other literary works of interest. References Cook, G. (1994).Discourse and Literature The Interplay of Form and Mind, Oxford, Oxford University Press. Lewis, C. S. (1942). Chapter 28 The Screwtape Letters. C. S. Lewis Pte. Ltd. Semino, E. (2006). Reading C Cognitive poetics. Chapter 1 Literature and creativity in English in Goodman, S. and OHalloran, K. (eds) The art of English literary creativity. Palgrave Macmillan/The Open University, pg. 37 40 Short,M. (1996). Chapter 9 Fictional prose and point of view. Exploring the Language of Poems, Prose and Plays, capital of the United Kingdom Longman. pg. 255 279 Short,M. (1996).Chapter 12 Fictional prose and point of view. Exploring the Language of Poems, Prose and Plays, London Longman. pg. 354 358 Short, M. (2005). Topic 8 Discourse structure and point of view. Ling 131 Language & Style is a Stylistics course. Retrieved on December 2008. Retrieved from http//www. lancs. ac. uk/fass/projects/stylistics/topic8/begin8. htm Addresser 1 (C. S. Lewis) MESSAGE Addressee 1 (Reader) Addresser 2 (Screwtape narrator) MESSAGE Addressee 2 (Narratee) Addresser 3 (Screwtape character) MESSAGE Addressee 3 (Wormwood character)

Mixed Ability Grouping

MIXED ABILITY GROUPING Ana Redondo I/ foot The main purpose of this module is to present to you some general evidences of distinguishable researches about method of complex world power pigeonholing versus other forms of organising pupils in MFL teaching and skill perspective. II/CONTENT 1/ political context (in England and Wales) * 1944 the educational system in Britain streamed into diferent types of auxiliary rails, student with special educational inevitably macrocosmness educated in special school. Since 1980s central government break up the Local tuition Authorities by introducing Local Management of School * 1991-1993, chidren with special education needs into mainstream school, private school 20-25%, conprehensive school being skew. * Throughout 1990, setting had proved to be effective in many secondary schools for mathematics, science and language. Pupils grouping are cosidered under such pressures Students accomplishments (examination results), policy and societ y, local needs and parental choice. / Mixed index grouping * In the title clerly indicates Mixed ability grouping alike refer to a group in which children of varied ability are taught together rather than being set apart. * -No group of pupils is ever homogeneous. Differences in areas ability, gender, self-concept, self-estem, ethnic background. a. Advantages of Mixed abilitiy grouping * Mixed ability grouping provides all pupils with equality of opportunity and reduces the negative results often associate with homogeneous grouping. It avoids the problems associated with allocating pupils to homogenous groups. * It promotes a effectual relation among pupils, between teachers and pupils. * Reduce competition and the labelling of pupils. * Low ability pupils are supported more benefit. b. Disadvantages of conflate ability grouping * It is hard to ensure that higher(prenominal)er ability Ss are stretched sufficiently. * The meeting the needs of high and low ability pupils can resu lt in failure. Teachers need to be sensitive to aware the differences of in order to set appropriate work, maximize scholarship outcomes and avoid conflicts between teaching and learning. * Mixed ability grouping makes unrealistic demands on teachers pedagogical skills. * The majority of the class is often poorly supervised. Mixed ability grouping pose particular difficulties in MFL. 3/ Other forms of organisind pupilss MFL teaching and learning perspective * Students gravel multiple intelligences, there for, some are better at certain things than others. Homogeneous groupings are liable(predicate) to alow teachers a greater opportunity to meet the individuals needs of students. * Homogeneous groups of pupils can achieve more efficiently in MFL. * Homogeneity of teaching groups- when classes share a greater similarity of learning qualities and characteristic, allows the techer to carry out their teaching more effectively. * It is difficult to allocate students to the appropriate group, no stigma is attached. both mixed ability grouping and ability grouping have advantages and disavantages.III/CONCLUSIONS * I suggest here to parcel out homogeneous groups and within -class groups as pragmatically feasible options. Seated group work, collarborative project work, co-coperative learning, flexible learning, task-based learning or carousel work can all be applied in various different ways to ensure academic and social learning. (Ana Redondo) * The grouping of pupil is only one of several factors touch on the learning environment of the classroom. The quality of instruction and the curriculum are central. (Halam, 19962)

Transfer Functions

ECM2105 retain applied science Dr Mustafa M Aziz (2010) ________________________________________________________________________________ TRANSFER FUNCTIONS AND BLOCK DIAGRAMS 1. asylum 2. impart Function of linear Time-Invariant (LTI) Systems 3. Block Diagrams 4. Multiple Inputs 5. counterchange Functions with MATLAB 6. Time Response Analysis with MATLAB 1. institution An important step in the analysis and design of control organizations is the mathematical modelling of the controlled process. There be a number of mathematical representations to describe a controlled processDifferential equalitys You have learned this before. Transfer dish up It is defined as the ratio of the Laplace understand of the payoff variable to the Laplace transform of the stimulation variable, with tot all(prenominal)y cipher initial conditions. Block diagram It is subroutined to represent all types of corpses. It jackpot be employ, together with transference functions, to describe the ca routine and effect relationships throughout the system. State-space-representation You will study this in an advanced book Systems Design course. 1. 1. Linear Time-Variant and Linear Time-Invariant SystemsDefinition 1 A meter-variable derived function comp be is a differential coefficient equation with one or more of its coefficients are functions of time, t. For example, the differential equation d 2 y( t ) t2 + y( t ) = u ( t ) dt 2 (where u and y are dependent variables) is time-variable since the term t2d2y/dt2 depends explicitly on t through the coefficient t2. An example of a time-varying system is a space vehicle system which the mass of spacecraft changes during flight callable to fuel consumption. Definition 2 A time-invariant differential equation is a differential equation in which none of its coefficients depend on the independent time variable, t.For example, the differential equation d 2 y( t ) dy( t ) m +b + y( t ) = u ( t ) 2 dt dt where the coefficients m and b are constants, is time-invariant since the equation depends solely implicitly on t through the dependent variables y and u and their derivatives. 1 ECM2105 escort engineer Dr Mustafa M Aziz (2010) ________________________________________________________________________________ Dynamic systems that are expound by linear, constant-coefficient, differential equations are called linear time-invariant (LTI) systems. 2. Transfer Function of Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) SystemsThe transfer function of a linear, time-invariant system is defined as the ratio of the Laplace (driving function) U(s) = transform of the production signal ( repartee function), Y(s) = y(t), to the Laplace transform of the introduce u(t), under the assumption that all initial conditions are zero. u(t) System differential equation y(t) taking the Laplace transform with zero initial conditions, U(s) Transfer function System transfer function G (s) = Y(s) Y(s) U(s) A dynamic system can be described by t he pursuit time-invariant differential equation an d n y( t ) d n ? 1 y( t ) dy( t ) + a n ? 1 + L + a1 + a 0 y( t ) n ? 1 dt dt dt d m u(t) d m ? 1 u ( t ) du ( t ) = bm + b m ? 1 + L + b1 + b 0 u(t) m m ? 1 dt dt dt Taking the Laplace transform and considering zero initial conditions we have (a n ) ( ) s n + a n ? 1s n ? 1 + L + a 1s + a 0 Y(s) = b m s m + b m ? 1s m ? 1 + L + b1s + b 0 U(s) The transfer function amidst u(t) and y(t) is tending(p) by Y(s) b m s m + b m ? 1s m ? 1 + L + b1s + b 0 M (s) = = G (s) = U(s) N(s) a n s n + a n ? 1s n ? 1 + L + a 1s + a 0 where G(s) = M(s)/N(s) is the transfer function of the system the root of N(s) are called poles of the system and the roots of M(s) are called zeros of the system.By setting the denominator function to zero, we obtain what is referred to as the characteristic equation ansn + an-1sn-1 + + a1s + a0 = 0 We shall see later that the stability of linear, SISO systems is completely governed by the roots of the characteristi c equation. 2 ECM2105 declare Engineering Dr Mustafa M Aziz (2010) ________________________________________________________________________________ A transfer function has the hobby properties The transfer function is defined only for a linear time-invariant system. It is not defined for nonlinear systems. The transfer function between a mates of remark and output variables is the ratio of the Laplace transform of the output to the Laplace transform of the input. All initial conditions of the system are set to zero. The transfer function is independent of the input of the system. To derive the transfer function of a system, we use the following procedures 1. Develop the differential equation for the system by using the physical laws, e. g. Newtons laws and Kirchhoffs laws. 2. Take the Laplace transform of the differential equation under the zero initial conditions. 3.Take the ratio of the output Y(s) to the input U(s). This ratio is the transfer function. showcase Consider the following RC circuit. 1) rise up the transfer function of the network, Vo(s)/Vi(s). 2) invent the reception vo(t) for a unit-step input, i. e. ?0 t 0 v i (t) = ? ?1 t ? 0 head 3 R vi(t) C vo(t) ECM2105 deem Engineering Dr Mustafa M Aziz (2010) ________________________________________________________________________________ workout Consider the LCR electric network shown in the figure below. determine off the transfer function G(s) = Vo(s)/Vi(s). L R i(t) vi(t) vo(t) C motion draw the time resolution of vo(t) of the above system for R = 2. 5? , C = 0. 5F, L=0. 5H and ? 0 t 0 . v i (t) = ? ?2 t ? 0 4 ECM2105 Control Engineering Dr Mustafa M Aziz (2010) ________________________________________________________________________________ Exercise In the mechanical system shown in the figure, m is the mass, k is the spring constant, b is the friction constant, u(t) is an outer applied force and y(t) is the resulting displacement. y(t) k m u(t) b 1) Find the differential equation of the system 2) Find the transfer function between the input U(s) and the output Y(s). 5ECM2105 Control Engineering Dr Mustafa M Aziz (2010) ________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Block Diagrams A shutdown diagram of a system is a pictorial representation of the functions performed by each section and of the flow of signals. The block diagram gives an overview of the system. Block diagram items Summing eyeshade Takeoff hitch Block Transfer function +_ The above figure shows the way the various items in block diagrams are represented. Ar dustups are used to represent the directions of signal flow. A summing point is where signals are algebraically added together.The hoax point is similar to the galvanic circuit takeoff point. The block is usually drawn with its transfer funciton written inside it. We will use the following terminology for block diagrams throughout this course R(s) = reference input ( assertion) Y(s) = out put (controlled variable) U(s) = input (actuating signal) E(s) = actus reus signal F(s) = feedback signal G(s) = forward path transfer function H(s) = feedback transfer fucntion R(s) Y(s) E(s) G(s) +_ F(s) H(s) Single block U(s) Y(s) Y(s) = G(s)U(s) G(s) U(s) is the input to the block, Y(s) is the output of the block and G(s) is the transfer function of the block. serial connection U(s) X(s) G1(s) Y(s) G2(s) 6 Y(s) = G1(s)G2(s)U(s) ECM2105 Control Engineering Dr Mustafa M Aziz (2010) ________________________________________________________________________________ correspond connection (feed forward) G1(s) + U(s) Y(s) Y(s) = G1(s) + G2(s)U(s) + G2(s) Negative feedback system (closed- circulate system) R(s) E(s) +_ The closed loop transfer function Y(s) G(s) Y(s) G(s) = R(s) 1 + G(s) Exercise Find the closed-loop transfer function for the following block diagram R(s) Y(s) E(s) G(s) +_ F(s) H(s) 7 ECM2105 Control Engineering Dr Mustafa M Aziz (2010) ________________________________ _______________________________________________ Exercise A control system has a forward path of two elements with transfer functions K and 1/(s+1) as shown. If the feedback path has a transfer function s, what is the transfer function of the closed loop system. R(s) +_ Y(s) 1 s +1 K s Moving a summing point ahead of a block R(s) Y(s) G(s) + R(s) Y(s) + G(s) F(s) 1/G(s) F(s) Y(s) = G(s)R(s) F(s) Moving a summing point beyond a block R(s) Y(s) + R(s) G(s) Y(s) G(s) + F(s) G(s) F(s) Y(s) = G(s)R(s) F(s) Moving a takeoff point ahead of a block R(s) Y(s) R(s) Y(s) G(s) G(s) Y(s)Y(s) G(s) Y(s) = G(s)R(s) 8 ECM2105 Control Engineering Dr Mustafa M Aziz (2010) ________________________________________________________________________________ Moving a takeoff point beyond a block R(s) Y(s) R(s) Y(s) G(s) G(s) R(s) R(s) 1/G(s) Y(s) = G(s)R(s) Moving a takeoff point ahead of a summing point R(s) Y(s) + Y(s) F(s) R(s) F(s) + Y(s) + Y(s) Y(s) = R(s) F(s) Moving a takeoff point beyond a summing point R(s) R(s) Y(s) + Y(s) + F(s) R(s) F(s) R(s) + Y(s) = R(s) F(s) Exercise Reduce the following block diagram and determine the transfer function. R(s) + _ + G1(s) G2(s) G3(s) _ Y(s) + + H1(s)G4(s) H2(s) 9 ECM2105 Control Engineering Dr Mustafa M Aziz (2010) ________________________________________________________________________________ Exercise Reduce the following block diagram and determine the transfer function. H1 + R(s) +_ + G H2 10 Y(s) ECM2105 Control Engineering Dr Mustafa M Aziz (2010) ________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Multiple Inputs Control systems often have more than one input. For example, in that location can be the input signal indicating the required value of the controlled variable and in like manner an input or inputs due to disturbances which affect the system.The procedure to obtain the relationship between the inputs and the output for such systems is 1. 2. 3. 4. Set all inputs except one eq ual to zero situate the output signal due to this one non-zero input Repeat the above steps for each of the remaining inputs in turn The total output of the system is the algebraic sum (superposition) of the outputs due to each of the inputs. Example Find the output Y(s) of the block diagram in the figure below. D(s) R(s) +_ G1(s) + + H(s) Solution 11 Y(s) G2(s) ECM2105 Control Engineering Dr Mustafa M Aziz (2010) _______________________________________________________________________________ Exercise Determine the output Y(s) of the following system. D1(s) R(s) +_ G1(s) + + Y(s) G2(s) H1(s) + + D2(s) 12 H2(s) ECM2105 Control Engineering Dr Mustafa M Aziz (2010) ________________________________________________________________________________ 5. Transfer Functions with MATLAB A transfer function of a linear time-invariant (LTI) system can be entered into MATLAB using the command tf(num,den) where num and den are row vectors containing, respectively, the coefficients of the numerat or and denominator polynomials of the transfer function.For example, the transfer function G (s) = 3s + 1 s + 3s + 2 2 can be entered into MATLAB by typing the following on the command line num = 3 1 den = 1 3 2 G = tf(num,den) The output on the MATLAB command window would be Transfer function 3s+1 s2 + 3 s + 2 Once the various transfer functions have been entered, you can combine them together using arithmetic trading operations such as addition and multiplication to evaluate the transfer function of a cascaded system. The following get across lists the most common systems connections and the corresponding MATLAB commands to implement them.In the following, SYS refers to the transfer function of a system, i. e. SYS = Y(s)/R(s). System MATLAB command Series connection R(s) Y(s) G1 G2 SYS = G1*G2 or SYS = series(G1,G2) Parallel connection G1 + R(s) SYS = G1 G2 or SYS = parallel(G1,G2) Y(s) G2 Negative feedback connection R(s) Y(s) +_ G(s) SYS = feedback(G,H) H(s) 13 ECM2105 Con trol Engineering Dr Mustafa M Aziz (2010) ________________________________________________________________________________ R(s) Y(s) +_ G1 G2 H Example Evaluate the transfer function of the feedback system shown in the figure above using MATLAB where G1(s) = 4, G2(s) = 1/(s+2) and H(s) = 5s.Solution Type the following in the MATLAB command line G1 = tf(0 4,0 1) G2 = tf(0 1,1 2) H = tf(5 0,0 1) SYS = feedback(G1*G2,H) This produces the following output on the command window (check this result) Transfer function 4 -21 s + 2 Exercise encipher the closed-loop transfer function of the following system using MATLAB. R(s) +_ 1 s +1 14 s+2 s+3 Y(s) ECM2105 Control Engineering Dr Mustafa M Aziz (2010) ________________________________________________________________________________ 6. Time Response Analysis with MATLABAfter entranceway the transfer function of a LTI system, we can compute and game the time response of this system due to different input stimuli in MATLAB. In particular, we will consider the step response, the impulse response, the force response, and responses to former(a) simple inputs. 6. 1. Step response To plot the unit-step response of the LTI system SYS=tf(num,den) in MATLAB, we use the command step(SYS). We can also enter the row vectors of the numerator and denominator coefficients of the transfer function nowadays into the step function step(num,den).Example Plot the unit-step response of the following system in MATLAB Y (s) 2s + 10 =2 R (s) s + 5s + 4 Solution Step Response 2. 5 num = 0 2 10 den = 1 5 4 SYS = tf(num,den) step(SYS) Amplitude 2 or directly step(num,den) 1. 5 1 MATLAB will then produce the following plot on the screen. Confirm this plot yourself. 0. 5 0 0 1 2 3 Time (sec. ) 4 5 For a step input of magnitude other than unity, for example K, simply breed the transfer function SYS by the constant K by typing step(K*SYS). For example, to plot the response due to a step input of magnitude 5, we type step(5*SYS).Notice in the prev ious example that that time axis was scaled automatically by MATLAB. You can specify a different time range for evaluating the output response. This is done by get-go defining the required time range by typing t = 00. 110 % Time axis from 0 sec to 10 sec in steps of 0. 1 sec and then introducing this time range in the step function as follows step(SYS,t) % Plot the step response for the given time range, t This produces the following plot for the same example above. 15 6 ECM2105 Control Engineering Dr Mustafa M Aziz (2010) _______________________________________________________________________________ Step Response 2. 5 Amplitude 2 1. 5 1 0. 5 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 Time (sec. ) You can also use the step function to plot the step responses of multiple LTI systems SYS1, SYS2, and so on on a star figure in MATLAB by typing step(SYS1,SYS2, ) 6. 2. Impulse response The unit-impulse response of a control system SYS=tf(num,den) may be plotted in MATLAB using the function impulse(SYS). Exampl e Plot the unit-impulse response of the following system in MATLAB Y(s) 5 = R (s) 2s + 10 Solution Impulse Response um = 0 5 den = 2 10 SYS = tf(num,den) impulse(SYS) 2. 5 2 impulse(num,den) Amplitude or directly 1. 5 1 This will produce the following output on the screen. Is that what you would expect? 0. 5 0 0 0. 2 0. 4 0. 6 Time (sec. ) 16 0. 8 1 1. 2 ECM2105 Control Engineering Dr Mustafa M Aziz (2010) ________________________________________________________________________________ 6. 3. Ramp response There is no ramp command in MATLAB. To obtain the unit ramp response of the transfer function G(s) multiply G(s) by 1/s, and use the resulting function in the step command.The step command will throw out multiply the transfer function by 1/s to make the input 1/s2 i. e. Laplace transform of a unit-ramp input. For example, consider the system Y(s) 1 =2 R (s) s + s + 1 With a unit-ramp input, R(s) = 1/s2, the output can be written in the form Y(s) = 1 1 1 R (s) = 2 ? s + s +1 (s + s + 1)s s 2 1 ? ?1 =? 3 2 ?s + s + s ? s which is equivalent to multiplying by 1/s and then working out the step response. To plot the unitramp response of this system, we enter the numerator and denominator coefficients of the term in square brackets into MATLAB num = 0 0 0 1 en = 1 1 1 0 and use the step command step(num,den) The unit ramp response will be plotted by MATLAB as shown below. Step Response 12 10 Amplitude 8 6 4 2 0 0 2 4 6 Time (sec. ) 17 8 10 12 ECM2105 Control Engineering Dr Mustafa M Aziz (2010) ________________________________________________________________________________ 6. 4. Arbitrary response To obtain the time response of the LTI system SYS=tf(num,den) to an arbitrary input (e. g. exponential function, sinusoidal function .. etc. ), we can use the lsim command (stands for linear simulation) as follows lsim(SYS,r,t) or lsim(num,den,r,t) here num and den are the row vectors of the numerator and denominator coefficients of the transfer function, r is the in put time function, and t is the time range over which r is defined. Example Use MATLAB to obtain the output time response of the transfer function Y(s) 2 = R (s) s + 3 when the input r is given by r = e-t. Solution Start by entranceway the row vectors of the numerator and denominator coefficients in MATLAB num = 0 2 den = 1 3 Then specify the required time range and define the input function, r, over this time t = 00. 16 r = exp(-t) % Time range from 0 to 6 sec in steps of 0. 1 sec Input time function put on the above information into the lsim function by typing lsim(num,den,r,t) This would produce the following plot on the screen. Linear Simulation Results 0. 4 0. 35 Amplitude 0. 3 0. 25 0. 2 0. 15 0. 1 0. 05 0 0 1 2 3 Time (sec. ) 18 4 5 6 ECM2105 Control Engineering Dr Mustafa M Aziz (2010) ________________________________________________________________________________ TUTORIAL PROBLEM SHEET 3 1. Find the transfer function between the input force u(t) and the output displaceme nt y(t) for the system shown below. y(t) b1 u(t) m b2 where b1 and b2 are the frictional coefficients.For b1 = 0. 5 N-s/m, b2 = 1. 5 N-s/m, m = 10 kg and u(t) is a unit-impulse function, what is the response y(t)? microprocessor chip and plot the response with MATLAB. 2. For the following circuit, vex the transfer function between the output voltage across the inductor y(t), and the input voltage u(t). R u(t) L y(t) For R = 1 ? , L = 0. 1 H, and u(t) is a unit-step function, what is the response y(t)? Check and plot the result using MATLAB. 3. Find the transfer function of the electrical circuit shown below. R L u(t) y(t) C For R = 1 ? , L = 0. 5 H, C = 0. 5 F, and a unit step input u(t) with zero initial conditions, compute y(t).Sketch the time function y(t) and plot it with MATLAB. 19 ECM2105 Control Engineering Dr Mustafa M Aziz (2010) ________________________________________________________________________________ 4. In the mechanical system shown in the figure below, m is th e mass, k is the spring constant, b is the friction constant, u(t) is the outer applied force and y(t) is the corresponding displacement. Find the transfer function of this system. k u(t) m For m = 1 kg, k = 1 kg/s2, b = 0. 5 kg/s, and a step input u(t) = 2 N, compute the response y(t) and plot it with MATLAB. b y(t) 5.Write down the transfer function Y(s)/R(s) of the following block diagram. R(s) Y(s) K +_ G(s) a) For G(s) = 1/(s + 10) and K = 10, determine the closed loop transfer function with MATLAB. b) For K = 1, 5, 10, and 100, plot y(t) on the same window for a unit-step input r(t) with MATLAB, respectively. Comment on the results. c) Repeat (b) with a unit-impulse input r(t). 6. Find the closed loop transfer function for the following diagram. R(s) E(s) Y(s) G(s) +_ F(s) H(s) a) For G(s) = 8/(s2 + 7s + 10) and H(s) = s+2, determine the closed loop transfer function with MATLAB. ) Plot y(t) for a unit-step input r(t) with MATLAB. 7. Determine the transfer function of the fol lowing diagram. Check your answer with MATLAB. _ R(s) +_ s s + + 1/s s 20 1/s Y(s) ECM2105 Control Engineering Dr Mustafa M Aziz (2010) ________________________________________________________________________________ 8. Determine the transfer function of the following diagram. R(s) +_ +_ 50 s +1 Y(s) s 2/s 1/s2 2 +_ a) Check you result with MATLAB. b) Plot y(t) for a unit-impulse input r(t) with MATLAB. 9. Determine the total output Y(s) for the following system. D(s)