Mike Daviss Fortress Los Angeles The Militarization of Urban Space Essay

Mike Daviss Fortress Los Angeles The Militarization of Urban Space Summary and Reaction - Essay Example Entire neighborhoods are being sealed-off, pedestrian traffic on predominantly minority-used walkways such has Old Broadway are being "redirected", former public recreation spaces such as parks are being privatized, the list goes on. The author, Mike Davis presents a number of salient points as to where cities such as Los Angeles, where capitalism, wealth, and commodification are the driving force for everything, are heading. Because the poor do not have a huge stake at this capitalistic market, their interests are relegated to the background. The city government has a hand in perpetuating this trend. More importance is given to privatization of space, and funds that are supposed to be allocated for public recreational spaces are being appropriated to private, white-collar redevelopment ventures. Wealthy communities are physically separated from the rest of the city, the perimeters converted to a kind of military "fortress", with its arsenal of high-tech gadgetry and gated enclosures. The private "security" industry is a thriving business, ready to answer to the ubiquitous slogan of "Armed Response". Even the police are being integrated to these grand scheme of securing the city from "unwanted" elements, where their watchful eyes are omnipresent. In addition to this, they control neighborhoods where minorities, Blacks and Latinos dwell. Even residential architects are getting their design inspirations from the military. The creation of these "fortress" cities, with the constant surveillance cameras, the gated walls, private security contractors, ground as well as on-air watchers, advances the progress of the social fragmentation, a polarization that serves to destroy the society's natural hegemony at the cost of the underprivileged. Davis also talks about how this same militaristic tactic is used to lure investors and retailers into opening their establishments in abandoned commercial areas. The concept of "security" taken to the extreme is the key to securing this potentially lucrative market as evinced in the case of the "Panopticon Mall". Highlighting the social barriers even more are the measures being done to rid the streets of the vagrants and "undesirables". These include the installation of outdoor sprinklers and barrel-shaped bus benches to discourage them from sleeping in public areas. Also, public toilets are being lessened, if not completely eradicated, in favor of the "quasi-public restroom" in establishments and offices where the poor and homeless would not be admitted. For the most part, I agree with Davis's opposition to these acts of militarization and abolishment of public space. In the eradication of accessible spaces, the sense of community and social interaction is also annihilated. While it seems that these changes improve the quality of life and the sense of security for the common white-collared worker, this is done at the cost of those who have little purchasing power. Access to supposed public places are dictated by those with the money. This violates the very essence of those areas being "public". This, in a sense, tramples upon our very sense of democracy, one that does not discriminate against race, class, or social stature. This kind of physical segregation underlies the concept that people belonging to different social groups should not interact or mingle. The need of the moneyed class to separate themselves is the root

The Hobbit Questions Essay Example for Free

The Hobbit Questions Essay 1. The first three chapters reveal Bilbo’s â€Å"ordinary world†, how he is comfortable and relaxed with his same old life, then the â€Å"call to adventure†, when Gandalf shows up and asks Bilbo for his help and Bilbo’s â€Å"refusal of the call†, and â€Å"meeting with the mentor† was when all the dwarves and Gandalf took over Bilbo’s house, then the morning after the â€Å"crossing the first threshold† is revealed when Bilbo leaves his house and town accompanying the dwarves into the new mysterious world. 2. The Hero – Bilbo Baggins, he is the main character, â€Å"The Hobbit†. Mentor – Gandalf, he is very wise, he guides and helps Bilbo. 3. Bilbo’s â€Å"ordinary world† is his house and town, and Bilbo crossing the threshold is when he enters the unknown world, which is when he accompanies the dwarves without proper preparation and encounters his first enemies, the trolls. 4. Smaug, â€Å"The Shodow†, is introduced in the dwarves’ story as the dragon that drove all the dwarves out of their mountain and claiming their treasure. Smaug’s flaming breath can scorch a city, his huge wings can carry him great distances, and his armor-like hide is almost impenetrable. Smaug can also speak and possesses a dark, ironic sense of humor. 5. At Chapter one, in Bilbo’s â€Å"Ordinary World† food wasn’t the issue at all, Bilbo’s little party had lots of food and everyone ate. At Chapter 2 food was very limited and was hard to find. Chapter 5 1. I believe that Gollum is the â€Å"Shapeshifter†, he might not change his look but he is two-faced, as if there are 2 people in his little body, which disrupts Bilbo from his adventure. 2. In Chapter 5 Bilbo is alone without Gandalf or the dwarves to assist him and he has to deal with Gollum all by himself. This helps Bilbo transform and grow into a smarter, more courageous and confident little â€Å"Hero† by making his own decisions the â€Å"right† decisions, for example he could’ve killed Gollum but he felt bad and let him live. 3. The Hobbit is a children’s story and since Chapter 5 seems to be a dark scary place Tolkien had to use something to enlighten the mood and he used riddles and he made Gollum have almost like 2 sides, a â€Å"good† and â€Å"bad† side. Up to Chapter 14 1. Bilbo had to overcome trolls in the forest, goblins in the misty mountains cavern, Gollum in the tunnels bellow, the goblins’ Wargs chasing the group down, giant spiders in Mirkwood, being then captured by the wood elves, dealing with Smaug in his lair. 2. In the beginning Bilbo Baggins is very home-sick, he wanted to be back in his â€Å"ordinary world†, but the Took in him made him want to continue with the journey. After every challenge, enemy or problem Bilbo overcame he became smarter, making better decisions, confident and courageous, making him less scared to move forward and fair, being caring towards all. 3. Bilbo was hired to be a â€Å"burglar† and most of the crew thought of him being useless although he ended up being far more than that, he saved his crew countless number of times from their enemy, he also was doubting himself a whole bunch in the beginning, he then overcame one problem at a time, building his inner confidence, and without Bilbo and his perks (the ring, his fairness and decision making skills) his crew would’ve gone nowhere.

Sleepy Hollow Film Review Essay -- essays research papers

‘Sleepy Hollow’ film Review Blood and murder usually go down a treat for the people who love gore but this is not the case in the movie ‘Sleepy Hollow’. Repetition is the key to an ultimately predictable film. Just as in any other film we see a substance with a resemblance to blood fall onto a piece of paper. This tells our minds the movie will have elements of horror. Then two hands, male and female, clasp. A headless horseman then appears decapitating an innocent man on the run in the woods. This all sets the rest of the film as a romantic horror. There is still one element that is left to be seen but not to worry. While the ghoulish headless horseman is out decapitation people Ichabod Crane, a detective from New York, is having a hard time keeping a straight face. The expression of utter disgust as he finds a body in the river is comical enough as it stands. Now as he is sent to Sleepy Hollow (a near by village where the headless horseman lies) to try and get his head around the gruesome decapit ations of the people. His fear of bugs makes him an easy target and often means this film becomes comedy Johnny Depp is the actor who plays Ichabod Crane, the New York detective. When he arrives in the little village Sleepy Hollow he meets the beautiful Katrina Van Tassel. Played by Christina Ricci, Katrina is a local teenager who is starting to really like Ichabod. She wants to protect him; I guess every film needs a beauty. But where’s the beast? Most films nowadays consist of a beast that whenever they show their face on screen frightens the socks off the audience. This is not the case in the film ‘Sleepy Hollow’ seeing as Christopher Walker’s (the actor who plays the headless horseman) head is never shown on screen. Although this film consists mainly of tacky fog and bad graphics, the acting is not to blame. Maybe the fact that the main characters were played by American actors but yet tried to speak with English accents made the film seem very cheap. If you are going to hire American actors to play the main parts don’t try and pass them off as Engl ish actors. Some people might think that by making the entire movie dull, dark, and devoid of colour makes the blood stand out much more. This is true but are you really motivated to watch a movie which starts of in black and white? This movie was aimed at younger people but younger people change the channel when... ...appeared we saw the same murky fog swirl around the screen. Tim Burton turned the short story by Washington Irving from a descriptive bed time story into a fake. To me this movie was pure comedy. Although it was meant to be horror it was comical to count how many times the horseman appeared. Every time he appeared it was the same fog and sounds as the headless horseman took out his sword to kill another victim. The movie seemed to rely on the fact that Johnny Depp is gorgeous. Tim Burton has directed most of my favorite movies. Most of them did not have gorgeous actors in them but they all had a good plot. This movie did not have a good plot. It had things in it that were completely irrelevant to the rest of the film. I did not feel for the characters, the main reason being they were in black and white. This made them seem cold and emotionless. The main character in the film, Ichabod Crane was very squeamish. If this movie was aimed to be semi-serious why have a main character in it who faints at the sight of blood. In my opinion this movie had poor graphics and was very predictable. I did not enjoy it at all and if you know what is good for you you won’t bother to see it either.

Admissions Essay - Ugandan Culture and Medicine :: Medicine College Admissions Essays

Admissions Essay - Ugandan Culture and Medicine My trip to Uganda proved to be an extremely rewarding experience. We spent the first part of the Crossroads program at Hofstra University in Long Island for a two-day orientation, during which we met our group members and shared our interests and experiences. After knowing each other for only 48 hours we embarked upon our "journey". We flew from New York to London, to Entebbe airport, roughly one hour from the capital, Kampala. The next morning we met with officials from PDR (Program for Development and Rehabilitation) who gave us a few guidelines about our project and helped sensitize us to the culture and the history of Uganda. That same day we drove to Luwero (roughly 50 miles from Kampala) to meet our host community and "get settled in". The clergy members with whom we spoke were overwhelmingly friendly, and went out of their way to make us feel welcome. The Bishop of Luwero was kind enough to have a guesthouse ready for us. Having expected that each of us would be staying with a separate family, living in our own house with mattress beds and electricity came as somewhat of a shock. Though I wish I could have had the experience of staying with a Ugandan family, our living arrangements worked out quite well. We were able to do our own cooking, use charcoal stoves, and wash our own laundry by hand. Though we were originally supposed to be stationed at Kiwoko Hospital, roughly 8 miles from Luwero, the Church of Uganda made last minutes changes in the program. We spent the first two weeks visiting various health centers in Luwero. Given our limited medical experience, we weren't able to provide much help to the patients in terms of medical care. However we did gain a great deal of experience by talking to the medical staff and observing local healthcare practices. One of the wards at Kasana Health Center was dedicated entirely to testing and counseling for AIDS patients. Talking to these patients and the counselors proved to be extremely fascinating. On one occasion a group of HIV patients set up a dance/performance aimed at conveying the experience of the disease through dancing and music. We were able to visit Kiwoko Hospital during the third week of our trip, however. Most of our time there was spent shadowing doctors (most of them Ugandan) and observing surgeries.

Development of Australian Law

Western culture refers to the societal structures and norms that arose from Ancient Greece and spread throughout Europe. This Included the ways their governments were run and how their legal systems developed. Australia, being a colony of the British Empire was heavily influenced by the concepts and institutions established under English government and law, which had a profound Impact on how the state, especially that of New South Wales, and federal legal systems were originated and developed, based on what was relevant to the new colony and what was not.Origin of English Law To understand how the English legal system had an influence on the concepts and Institutions In the Australian legal system, It must first be known how It was established and developed. The Battle of Hastings in 1066 which saw the Normandy takeover by William the Conqueror, saw a change in the way England was ruled, and the further development of the Feudal System to English society. The King argued that he was above all law, whilst Parliament refuted this claim.What followed was centuries of fishing that saw the legal system develop and gain power over the monarchy in order to Magna Cart The Magna Cart was a 121 5 document, that King John, was forced to sign by his Curia Regis, or King's court, as he had been abusing his powers. Restrictions were placed upon the amount of arbitrary power the King had, as well as outlines for the court systems. Its main purpose was to show that it was possible to put limitation upon the King and for the court to have some control over the ruling of the country.It was Woolworth who said â€Å"[T]he gaining of Magna Cart closes one period in the history of English law and begins another. It closes the period during which the law Is plopped by the power of the crown alone, and it begins the period which will end in the establishment of a Parliament, with power to take some share in the making a development of the law. † This movement which gave power t o the King's court was a founding component In the English constitution, which helped establish a Parliamentary system, and therefore is important in the Australian legal system.Similarly to England, Australia's parliamentary and court systems are separate entities to the monarchy, with these institutions being able to govern themselves outside of the Governor-General or Governor's capacity, thus showing the Influence hat the English legal system has. Royal Prerogative One problem faced by the King, parliament and courts was where one's power started and stopped. According to common law, the King was not above the law, however, the monarchy argued that he was above all law, and could delegate tasks to others.However, under the case of Prohibitions these Issues were discussed and findings set out the limitations each of arm of the law. These findings have influenced the concepts and institutions that were established in the Australian legal system, and how much power each of arm of g overnment has and what this entails, again roving that the concepts and Institutions of the English legal system are embedded in Australia. Separation of Powers Separation of powers refers to the government being divided into three arms- the I OFF (defining the legislation).The parliament and courts argued that nobody, including the King, was above the word of the law. In England, in Bantam's Case, the ruling against the orders of the King gave way to the notion that the courts had power over the monarchy. However, it wasn't until the reign of Charles I without a parliament from 1629-1640 and the subsequent events that this idea was cemented in law. Upon losing the Civil War against parliament in 1649, Charles I was tried for superseding the parliament and excessively taxing the people once he ran out of funds.He was the first European monarch to be tried without first being deposed, and this was an historical event in Western law. His defense being that he was King, and therefore a bove court Jurisdiction, however he was found to be guilty and sentenced to death. England was then ruled without parliament, known as an interregnum period, between 1649 and 1660. After this period, Charles II was asked back to be head of the monarchy by the parliament, however was placed under strict limitations that saw his powers restricted, and played a founding role in the idea that nobody was above the law.These actions thus saw the establishment of a separation of powers, a concept that has been put into place in the Australian legal system as well. Separation of powers is an integral part of the Australian legal system, as it stops any one branch of government gaining arbitrary power over the people. Discovery of Australia Terra Annulus, meaning land belonging to no one, is a term used to describe a new found land that gives permission for colonization.This meant that those native to Australia, with the land being declared terra annulus' were stripped of any land rights or legal rights. This meant that the British were able to colonies the land, and formed their own society, that saw the brutal treatment of Aborigines and the planned destruction of their culture. This gave way to the formation of the Australian legal system as it is known today, as the English had free reign to build society as they saw fit.Development of Australian Parliamentary System Like England, the established ways of state and federal parliament were based on a institutional framework- a set of guidelines as to how run parliament and how power is distributed. The Australian Constitution and its state counterparts are the guidelines upon which the federal and state legal systems are based. This includes a Governor, whom acts as a representative of the Queen, showing how the English idea of a Head of State was still instilled in the Australian legal system.Like England, the New South Wales Government – as well as the six other states bar Queensland, Northern Territory and the Australian Capital Territory – and the Australian Federal Government has a bicameralism system of parliament. Bicameralism is to have two houses of parliament, in Australian state and federal these are the upper house – Senate – and lower house – House of Representatives. These are similar to the English House of Lords (Upper House) and House of Commons (Lower House).This concept was brought from England to Australia, where the lower house is voted in by the people and these are the ones who propose legislative change, whilst the upper house is decided from within government, must also pass any proposed bills and can keep a balance and check of power from the elected government, to ensure that arbitrary power is not gained. The Western legal traditions from England were new colony. Development of Australian Legislation Much of early Australian legislation was based upon English law, as it was the founder of the colony.However it was Blackstone who sai d that English law would only apply in the new colony as long as it was applicable to the context, under new circumstances. The idea that to move forward as a colony, that some laws would need to be changed to promote growth, can be seen in the Cable Case, where Henry Cable was labeled as a ‘laborer' and as a ‘new settler of this place' instead of a invoice, and treated to the legal rights of those without criminal records, which was against English Law which found anyone with a criminal record to be civilly dead, that is, to have no legal rights.This landmark case gave almost all the right to obtaining legal help, a fact that was important in a colony made up of majority of convicts, so that in the future there could be social and legal development. This landmark case also saw the Australian legal system as being able to hold its own, and that it could make laws outside of English law. Although this may be the case, English ideals and trustees used still remain an integ ral part of the legislation process.Conclusion Western legal tradition, or essentially English law, built the foundations upon which the Australian legal system was formed. The concepts and institutions used in the practice of governing and the making of legislation have been taken from that of English ways, however, Australian federal and state has developed its own legislation as it has seen fit in order to appease the people of the place, and not those in England. One cannot deny however, that the English legal traditions are ingrained in the New South Wales and Australian legal systems.

First Flight Associates v. Professional Golf Co

First Flight Associates v. Professional Golf Co Identify the client Based on the facts of the contract between Pro Golf and First Flight Associates (FFA), which was rescinded prematurely, this paper seeks to advise FFA on the legal framework behind the termination. This paper analyzes the case and explores the problem that prompted the parties to seek court’s intervention whereas there were other avenues at disposal to solve the dispute.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on First Flight Associates v. Professional Golf Co specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Additionally, the paper will explore possible actions that the FFA could undertake to preempt the recurrence of a similar problem in its future dealings. My recommendations will be based on my knowledge of the business law, which has been gained throughout the course. Provide background to problem The case presented in this paper centers on a controversial agreement between Pro Golf and FFA. FFA was accused of the failure to honor its contractual duties. Pro Golf is a multinational company with its headquarters in the United States (US), and it operates under the trademark FIRST FLIGHT. Following the company’s desire to penetrate the global market, it appointed Robert G. Wynn as the sales representative in the Far East countries. Consequently, Wynn formed a company to execute the roles of a sales representative in Japan. The company, which was registered by the name First Flight Associates (FFA), marketed Pro Golf’s products under the trademark, FIRST FLIGHT. This aspect indicates that it was licensed to act as a sales representative of the licensor. The relationship between the two parties was informal since no formal contract was entered between the companies when the license was issued. On the contrary, the two parties formed an implied form of contract substantiated through the letters sent by each party. From the letters, FFA was to pay $2500 annually to Pro Golf as a consideration for the use of the trademark. However, to boost its marketing power, FFA sub-licensed other firms to use the licensor’s trademark among them being Teito Company. Under the new sub-license agreement, Teito was to pay an annual fee of $25,000 to FFA in exchange for the right to use the trademark to market the goods. The agreement between FFA and Teito Company caused disputes as the licensor sought full disclosure of the material facts on which the mentioned contract was founded. Following the failure by FFA to disclose the terms of the contract as required, Pro Golf notified the former of the intention to terminate the contract unconditionally due to failure to observe the contractual duties by the plaintiff.Advertising Looking for case study on business corporate law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The problem The termination of the contract without an agreement being reached between the two p arties as to how to execute the termination process formed the basis of the controversy. FFA allowed Teito Company to use Pro Golf’s trademark. Additionally, it did not disclose the terms of the engagement to the licensor even when required to do so. The reluctance by FFA to disclose the terms of engagement between it and Teito prompted Pro Golf to revoke the contract that it had made previously with FFA. The agreement was silent as to the reasons that could lead to termination. Therefore, the involved parties could not agree on the legality of such termination. In addition to the termination of the decree, Pro Golf declined to pay the commissions earned by the plaintiff arguing that the company’s customs allowed payment of such fees upon delivery of goods to customers. FFA approached the courts requiring the defendant to be compelled to pay all the money earned prior to the termination of the contract. Pro Golf opposed the FFA’s claims for commission saying tha t the licensee failed to observe its contractual duties, thus giving the right to rescind the contract. Expressly indicate termination causes According to Schaffer, Agusti, Dhooge, and Earle (2011), under the common law, a legally binding contract can only be terminated under the following circumstances Agreement by the parties Failure by one party to observe a material contractual duty The occurrence of the specified event Lapse of time Full execution of each parties contractual duties However, for a contract to be terminated due to the occurrence of a certain event, the anticipated issue must be specified clearly in the contract. Express indication of the events that may cause termination of a contract is important since it averts conflicts that may emerge from wrongful rescission of a contract by either party before maturity. Additionally, such indication eliminates uncertainties that may present regarding premature termination of a contract by one party. The occurrence of the stated event leads to automatic termination of a contract without having to approach the courts to question the legality of a decision by one party to terminate a contract. FFA should ensure that its future agreements highlight the conditions in which a contract may be terminated prematurely to avoid the recurrence of a problem similar to the one described in this case. The contract between Pro Golf and FFA did not highlight expressly the events that could prompt impulsive termination of the licensing contract, and thus the parties had to approach the courts for legal assistance.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on First Flight Associates v. Professional Golf Co specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Advantages Indicating the instances in which a contract may be terminated prevents wrongful termination of a contract by either party. This aspect eliminates confusion and delay in the execution of the contract. Additionally , the occurrence of the stated event leads to the involuntary termination of the contract, thus relieving each party of liability in the contract. This aspect leads to savings in terms of time and resources since the parties do not have to approach the courts to dispute the legality of such termination. Disadvantages The occurrence of the stated event leads to automatic termination of a contract, thus relieving each party of the attached contractual liabilities. In case one party has executed its duties fully, the other party may fail to honor its part of the bargain, thus leading to fresh disputes. Additionally, a contract may be terminated by other causes apart from those stipulated in the agreement, hence creating controversy. Establish formal contracts A formal contract refers to an agreement in which all the involved parties outline the material facts in a written text upon deliberation (Schaffer et al., 2011). Such contracts require extensive consultation between the contracti ng parties to come up with the representations to be included in the agreement. Where necessary, a legal expert is hired to oversee the drafting of the contractual document and ensure compliance with the law. FFA should consider engaging in formal contracts in which all facts are stipulated in the contractual document to avoid the controversy that may present in the course of execution of the contract. In its contract with Pro Golf, the parties did not meet physically to deliberate on the terms of the contract. On the contrary, the parties communicated through letters. The contract was thereby informal, and the conditions of the contract were only traceable from the correspondences. If FFA had engaged in a formal discussion with the defendant, perhaps the two parties would explore and agree on allowing other companies to use the trademark. Therefore, I would advise FFA to negotiate its rights with other parties and document the terms in written texts to avoid the recurrence of the p roblem in its future endeavors. Pros A formal contract has the terms of engagement written and understood by both parties. Therefore, it acts as a proof of the existence of such contract. In case of disputes arising in the course of executing the contract, both parties may refer to the document to resolve the conflict without involving a court of law. Moreover, a formal agreement minimizes the chances of disputes emerging from misunderstandings since the terms of the contract are made clear right from the outset.Advertising Looking for case study on business corporate law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Cons The terms of a contract may be of legal nature, which may require the services of a legal expert to guide the parties through the process. Such services may be expensive, which increases the operating costs. Additionally, the illegality of such terms may invalidate a contract even when a written document exists. Establish a dispute resolution method prior to entering the contract and Indicate the terms of engagement, whether agency or employment.  Most contracts often result in conflicts during execution, which must be resolved in time to avoid procrastinations in the performance of the contract. Therefore, parties to a contract ought to agree on the appropriate methods of resolving disputes without involving a court of law. A clear statement outlining the method to be employed in resolving disputes should be included in the contractual document. In such a case, if a dispute arises prior to the actual period of termination of the contract, it can be resolved promptly. FFA sho uld consider creating a dispute resolution team with its future contracting parties made up of a representative from both sides. The contract should state the fact that the decision by the team is final and that it cannot be contested in a court of law. This move will minimize the chances of misunderstandings coupled with preempting the chances of the parties to seek justice from the courts. In the light of these facts, I would advise FFA to deliberate dispute resolution methods prior to committing to a contact. In the contract between FAA and Pro Golf, no provision was made regarding dispute resolution hence the party resorted to seeking a legal interpretation from the courts. Advantages Providing a dispute resolution method provides a ceiling that limits the parties’ ability to go to the courts in case of disputes. Besides, it ensures that disputes are resolved promptly, thus minimizing the chances of court’s involvement in the resolution processes. Disadvantages Pro viding for a dispute resolution mechanism may limit the ability of a party to approach a court of law in the case of dissatisfaction by the verdict delivered through the stipulated dispute resolution method. Additionally, the resolution mechanism established by the contract may not always fit the different situations arising during the execution of the contract. Moreover, creating a dispute resolution team may require the establishment of a team of experts, which may increase the operating costs of the two parties. The terms of a contract A contract may be terminated on grounds of failure to perform the contractual duties from either party. Each party to a contract is under a legal obligation to act under the provisions of the contract. In case one party fails to act under such provisions, the aggrieved side is entitled to rescind the contract and seek damages for losses coming from the breach (Schaffer et al., 2011). In the case of FAA v. Pro Golf, the defendant accused the plainti ff of failure to observe the contractual duties, hence rescinding the contract. In the light of the mentioned facts, I would advise FAA to engage actively in the formulation of the contractual terms and stick by them during the execution of its mandated duties. This way, the firm will be freed from any liability arising from the failure to execute its duties as specified in the contract. Advantages Adherence to the contractual duties ensures that the contract remains valid, thus eliminating the chances of the other party rescinding the contract. Additionally, it ensures that the desired outcomes are achieved, thus averting disputes that may lead to legal interventions. Disadvantages Adherence to contractual duties may be limited by certain factors such as the impracticability of the obligation or illegality of such tasks. In such cases, the execution of the contractual duties is derailed, and it may prompt the involved parties to seek intervention from the courts of law. Reference S chaffer, R., Agusti, F., Dhooge, L., Earle, B. (2011). International business law and its environment. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.

The difficulty and importance of measuring quality of hire

The difficulty and importance of measuring quality of hire What metrics really matter to recruiters and hiring managers and to the companies that employ them? The truth is, as a hiring manager you may be meeting certain predetermined targets that certainly look good, but are you crushing it where it really matters- namely, the quality of your hires? Sure, on the surface you can be meeting your company’s staffing needs and finding quality candidates for all open positions, but how do you know if they- and you by association- are adding real value to the organization?According to a recent article by Workable, â€Å"Quality of hire (QoH) measures the value new hires bring to a company†¦ In this context, ‘value’ usually means how much a new hire contributes to their company’s long-term success by completing tasks, improving their work and helping others†¦ Unsurprisingly, quality of hire is at the top of the list of useful performance KPIs. According to  LinkedIn’s 2016 global trends report, itâ€⠄¢s a priority for 40% of big companies worldwide (and 45% of small businesses). Efficiency recruiting metrics, like  time to fill  and  time to hire,  are trending up, but there are obvious reasons for why quality of hire is still so important†¦ Quality of hire is what makes the recruiting process worthwhile.†Okay, so it’s clear that quality of hire is important, but how can it be measured effectively? The truth is, it isn’t such an easy thing to quantify. You can really only measure QoH after a hire has been working for at least a few months- if not more.  And, in general, â€Å"quality† is a vague term that’s hard to define. The Society for Human Resource Management recently published an article that referred to quality of hire as the elusive Holy Grail of recruiting. According to the article,â€Å"Quality-of-hire metrics are critical to understanding the effectiveness of your company’s hiring process but, for many, figurin g out how to define the measurement is a challenge.†So, now you know that quality of hire is a critical recruitment metric and that it can be a very tricky thing to measure- but that shouldn’t inspire you to ignore it. Use the following strategies to measure QoH in your organization’s recruitment efforts, to help you get a firm handle on whether or not you’re contributing meaningfully to your company’s bottom line.MetricsWhen you’re ready to get serious about measuring QoH, you’ll need to determine which metrics you’re going to use. Many organizations, including LinkedIn, recommend using the following measures when assessing QoH:hbspt.cta.load(2785852, '9e52c197-5b5b-45e6-af34-d56403f973c5', {});Retention: How long are new hires staying at your company?Time to fill: How long does it take you to fill an open job position?Hiring satisfaction: How satisfied are hiring managers and key management personnel with a new hire? This can be measured on a predetermined numerical scale.Time to productivity: How long does it take for a new employee to get up-to-speed on all aspects of the job?Job performance: This one’s obvious- how effective is your new hire in the position? Typically, this can be measured by your company’s existing performance review/ratings process (assuming there is a process in place).Employee engagement: The flipside of job performance- is your new hire happy with the position and company?Cultural fit: A 360-degree measure of how well your new hire is acclimating to the new environment, team, and colleagues.Data collectionOnce you’ve determined the performance metrics that will be used to measure your QoH, you need to determine the best approach for data collection. Some statistics are quantifiable and easy enough to collect- turnover of employees, retention rates, and the meeting of sales goals by employees are simple numerical data that make sense. But, other calculations c an be less transparent. Your job will then be to track information about new hires via surveys. Fold them into your company’s systems from the start.Workable has a list of great surveys to implement into your systems, including:Hiring manager satisfaction surveys (focusing on the recruitment process)Surveys asking managers to rate a new hire’s performance (e.g. 6- and 9-month performance surveys)Employee engagement surveys  for new hires360 surveys asking managers, peers and team members about a new hire’s  culture fit  and performanceSurveys asking hired or rejected candidates to give feedback on the hiring process†MeasuresQoH can be measured in different ways. You can use the above-mentioned metrics to run a QoH assessment for each individual new employee, or you can create aggregate or average scores, which can span things like departments or various hiring timeframes. It all depends on what you’re interested in analyzing (i.e., per-hire Qo H vs. QoH trends across teams and over time, etc.). QoH measures can also be made in increments- for example, a new hire’s score can be measured at 6 months, a year, and 2 years from their start date.Once you decide to make QoH assessment a priority in your organization and have your metrics and data collection processes in place, you can analyze and manipulate the data in countless ways, depending upon your company’s needs, and once you incorporate QoH into your recruitment performance metrics you can count on seeing tangible benefits- both to your institution and to its new hires. Good luck!

Synonyms for Car

Synonyms for Car Synonyms for â€Å"Car† Synonyms for â€Å"Car† By Mark Nichol The question of how to refer to one of the most integral artifacts of modern civilization illustrates the value of synonyms: The word a writer uses to refer to a car can assign value to that object and help the reader gauge nuances of the writer’s tone. Car is a perfectly suitable, utilitarian word, but so many other possibilities await the resourceful writer. The formal term, automobile, and its truncated form, auto, are useful for elegant variation, conveyance conveys a highfalutin feel, and motorcar has a vintage connotation. Meanwhile, vehicle is inclusive of other types of motorized transportation. For mock-poetic humorous effect, a writer might refer to his or her chariot or phaeton. (The latter is one of many synonyms for carriage, most of which, like phaeton, are obscure but can, given supporting syntax, be clear to the reader.) More informally, among other possible jocular references are buggy for a small, humble car and â€Å"babe magnet† (or my own clunky but precise coinage, â€Å"midlife-crisis-mobile†) for a particularly sleek, sporty car. (Of course, â€Å"babe magnet† can also be applied ironically to a car that is anything but alluring.) Words and phrases that describe the category or size of vehicle include compact, convertible, coupe, hardtop, hatchback, sedan, â€Å"sports car† (or roadster, which can have a jaunty tone in the midst of lighthearted language), â€Å"sport utility vehicle,† â€Å"station wagon,† subcompact, truck, and van. Specific car brands inspire nicknames: Beamer or Beemer (BMW), Chevy (Chevrolet), Lambo (Lamborghini). Pejorative terms include beater, bucket, clunker, crate, heap, jalopy, junker, rattletrap, and wreck. (â€Å"Gas guzzler,† meanwhile, emphasizes a car’s lack of fuel economy, and â€Å"land yacht† also indicates excessive size.) Among the celebratory slang terms are ride (an example of a verb converted to a noun) and wheels or â€Å"set of wheels† (examples of synecdoche, in which the name of a part represents the whole). Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Addressing A Letter to Two PeopleRound vs. AroundRunning Errands and Doing Chores

The Advantage of the Innovation in the Healthcare Services Essay

The Advantage of the Innovation in the Healthcare Services - Essay Example The telemedicine policy has enabled many rural patients to acquire proper and affordable medical care despite their social and living standards. It has enabled the healthcare providers to provide quality services to all in this state that is their primary goal. This has been fuelled by faster and easier means of payment as compared to a few years ago. Further, there are positive outcomes attributed to this policy as most patients have adopted it. The policy provides easier means of payment as well as delivery services to all clients. This explains why the innovation has succeeded in most stated. Moreover, the federal government has shown its support by providing the necessary infrastructure to enhance its workability. Payment of these services delivered by this means remains to be a significant challenge to clients. This is because both patients and the service providers face challenges when processing insurance requirements. Further, means of payment do not stream easily and faster as expected. Hence, it hinders all the players in this industry to take full advantage of this innovation. In addition, this policy has led to the rise in health premiums that most average citizens cannot afford with the current economic conditions in the country. Despite the merits and demerits attributed to this policy, the typical person is set to benefit. Hence, the adoption of this policy in most states is aimed at enabling the ordinary person to have access to quality healthcare. The level of its success in adoption is a clear indication that the system will be of great help to all in the country.

Daily Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Daily Assignment - Essay Example 3. The Americans rural economies reinforced the elements of tradition society via numerous ways such as holding cultural events maintain videos and recordings that may help the future generation to understand their traditions. They perform thanks giving ceremonies to reinforce their traditions. Further, the maintain museums and monument sites to foster the elements of tradition society. 4 Slavery and free labour affected social surplus in the sense that it infringed some members of the society whereby, those subjected to slavery to produced surplus labour which benefited those who did not work. This means that the output was maldistributed because there was unequal allocation of resources. 5 The elements of command that still exist in the U.S today include: the economy has a very powerful sectors of the government. A part from labour all other factors of production are owned by the state. The government plans how resources are going to be distributed among various economic sectors. 6 The specific difference between Agricultural society and industrial society is that agricultural society is based on farming while Industrial society is based on application of machines to produce. Further, agricultural society produces raw materials while industrial society converts raw materials into finished products. 7 I would consider Serf to have been exploited by their Feudal Lords because they were underpaid despite doing complex jobs. The benefit gained by Serfs according to Feudal lords is the benefit of security, place to stay and land for farming. The cost involved was that, Serf had to pay some fee for the use of land to the Lords, further they were supposed to work in the houses and fields as feudal lords slaves. 8 The difference between guild and modern business is that, during ancient periods women could not be members of guilt unlike today where women are members. Guild required members to learn, keep and pass trade skills to the

The Global Governance of the Internet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Global Governance of the Internet - Essay Example Above all, the Internet offers global presence. ‘Everywhereness’ is possibly the distinguishing feature of the dynamism of the Internet. Geography is an irrelevant matter for Internet users; hence, regulating the Internet has legal and jurisdictional dilemmas. Moreover, no particular nation or body has power over the Internet. Without a doubt, this dispersed nature has been one of the paramount attributes of Internet dynamism, but it also has raised serious problems. Favourably, Internet dynamism have led to a spectacular outburst of human innovation in terms of new consumer prospects and choices, new commercial channels, and new global information and communication systems. But, unfavourably, the dynamism of the Internet has compounded any effort to regulate it, hold cybercriminals responsible, and resolve conflicts (Mueller, 2010, pp. 175-176). This condition where in a responsible entity or cybercriminal is unknown expresses itself in everyday occurrences: online iden tity theft, e-mail spam, network viruses, etc. Making matters more complicated is the fact that several nations and jurisdictions also seek someone to be held responsible when their legal principles or societal standards are violated (Thierer & Crews, 2003, p. 16). New, innovative technologies can pose problems for policymakers, who often try to control new technologies that they have little knowledge about. The Internet has been particularly challenging for local and global policymakers because its affordability, accessibility, and inclusiveness helped its popularity to flourish at an unparalleled speed. Unfortunately, the Internet is almost impossible to regulate or control because it is not owned by anybody, and hence anyone can use, or abuse, it from anywhere in the world. Even when an unidentified person does something other people believe to be offensive—like downloading and sharing copyrighted video or music files or posting pornography—it is very difficult to i dentify the wrongdoer. Thus policymakers have been trying to develop regulations and policies for the Internet in order to identify and prevent cybercrimes or illegal activities on the Internet, like pornography and gambling. In other words, these policymakers are trying to mitigate the adverse outcomes of Internet dynamism. It is the contention of this essay that global rules for the Internet would not undermine its dynamism; in fact, global rule will safeguard and reinforce it. The Need to Regulate the Internet The dynamism of the Internet, which in turn spawned commercialisation, popularity, and ubiquity of the cyberspace, has resulted in some common social dilemmas and conflicts in the Internet. The illegal downloading of video and music files, the proliferation of corrupted forms of speech, and the disintegration of privacy are some of the examples of these dilemmas. Simultaneously, e-commerce merchants have been violated by hackers (Schwabach, 2006, p. 309). It is immature to believe that the best solution can be social rules, the market, or the law alone. The complicated problems raised by the Internet can only be solved through the combination of the market, social rules, and the law. Even though there is a certain extent of controversy on how to regulate the Internet, nobody disputes the importance of some form of global rule and technical management. Regardless of opposition to regulatory supervision, the Internet cannot endure with the absence of this global rule. There should be regulatory entities that take care of usual and everyday technical issues like the supervision of IP addresses and domain names and the establishment of technical norms (Mueller, 1998, p. 93). Two main policy organisations that offer Internet governance are the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF),

Health-related analysis Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Health-related analysis - Coursework Example The product contains caffeine, which although contributes significantly to weight loss, has unfavourable side effects. Moreover, many individuals are unable to tolerate caffeine consumption, who can therefore suffer considerably secondary to the use of this product . In my opinion, since multiple studies have been conducted to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of this product, the use of this product is likely to bestow therapeutic benefit to its consumers. For this reason, it seems appropriate to recommend this product to my friends and family. However, since some individuals are sensitive to some ingredients of this product, it seems appropriate to inform the users about the possible side effects prior to their use of this product. Among the various risk factors that are modifiable, yet contributory towards the development of cardiovascular disease, three factors appear to be playing a role in my life. These include obesity, lack of physical activity and a stressful lifestyle. Since I am a student, my life mostly revolves around academic activities, which are often effort-extensive in mental terms and are therefore a cause of stressful lifestyle which can contribute to cardiovascular disease. Secondly, since I have to spend most of my time reading books and researching things on the internet, I have very less time left to perform physical exercise. This lack of activity can contribute significantly to abnormal lipid levels in the body and ultimately lead to cardiovascular disease (Poirier et al, 2006). Lastly, due to my inactive lifestyle, my weight has increased beyond the normal levels, making myself obese. In my opinion, since all of my problems stem from my habit of living an inactive lifestyle, I strongly feel that if I can overcome this habit, my risk of developing cardiovascular disease will start to diminish and provide me a

ANIMAL SCIENTIFIC EXPERIMENTS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

ANIMAL SCIENTIFIC EXPERIMENTS - Essay Example Animal experiments are considered very useful for the last centuries, whereby they are applied in physiological studies and processes. In fact, this contributes to development of new medical methods, though there are people opposing use of these experiments. These opponents have been giving reasons that scientists prioritize their experiments over animals. On the other hand, there are claims that animal experiments lacks transferability to man, thereby rendering the experiment using animals useless (Hackam & Redelmeier, 2006, 1731). In this case, these experiments are useless; thus, they cause unnecessary suffering to animals due to the curiosity of these scientists. There is an aspect of cruelty in animals’ experiments, though this applies to man if he undergoes the same procedure. Operative techniques and chance of using the anaesthesia was not adequate until the use of animal experiments. Therefore, discovery of anaesthesia has made a substantial contribution to medical field, whereby this has been facilitated to routine animal experiments. Animal experiments have been performed as way of serving consumer protection. Numerous experimental animals have been applied in countries like Germany in 2005 in order to identify a control of the toxicology testing procedures (Exner, 2007, 1). In fact, this entails tests conducted for drug tolerability and testing risk in environment due to industrial waste in water. Nevertheless, numerous animal experiments have been conducted legally through a prescription and a precondition in order to seek approval of some drugs and other substances that are used by human beings. There is a connection between the medical progress and the fundamental researches using animals’ experiments. For instance, various medical applications have been applied in through knowledge gathered from the researches that involve animal experiments such as development of methods for dealing with diabetes mellitus.

Health-related analysis Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Health-related analysis - Coursework Example The product contains caffeine, which although contributes significantly to weight loss, has unfavourable side effects. Moreover, many individuals are unable to tolerate caffeine consumption, who can therefore suffer considerably secondary to the use of this product . In my opinion, since multiple studies have been conducted to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of this product, the use of this product is likely to bestow therapeutic benefit to its consumers. For this reason, it seems appropriate to recommend this product to my friends and family. However, since some individuals are sensitive to some ingredients of this product, it seems appropriate to inform the users about the possible side effects prior to their use of this product. Among the various risk factors that are modifiable, yet contributory towards the development of cardiovascular disease, three factors appear to be playing a role in my life. These include obesity, lack of physical activity and a stressful lifestyle. Since I am a student, my life mostly revolves around academic activities, which are often effort-extensive in mental terms and are therefore a cause of stressful lifestyle which can contribute to cardiovascular disease. Secondly, since I have to spend most of my time reading books and researching things on the internet, I have very less time left to perform physical exercise. This lack of activity can contribute significantly to abnormal lipid levels in the body and ultimately lead to cardiovascular disease (Poirier et al, 2006). Lastly, due to my inactive lifestyle, my weight has increased beyond the normal levels, making myself obese. In my opinion, since all of my problems stem from my habit of living an inactive lifestyle, I strongly feel that if I can overcome this habit, my risk of developing cardiovascular disease will start to diminish and provide me a

Oracle and Machiavellian Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Oracle and Machiavellian Philosophy - Essay Example For instance, when a firm increases it prices by few cents, the consumers may want to fight back by making many complaints towards the company or deciding not to buy the goods. However, on the other hand, when a firm increases the prices at the higher range, the consumers will be surprised but still purchase the goods as they do not have any choice. The company is dedicated to creating quality products and services and as a result, the company has introduced unified process automation systems, services, and products. Its goals are to have products and services that will ensure that they give automated systems integrated with diverse business analytic functions for the consumers. Oracle has focused on â€Å"pampering† all its stakeholders. The key stakeholders that the company has placed them to the center of their operations are the customers. Oracle has implemented a Led-innovation strategy that ensures that the company all its services and products are aligned with the consu mers’ requirements contrasting the internal company goals. Before introducing any product or services, the company tends to research on the customer’s needs. For its standards, the company has implemented the ethical principle of honesty that is upholding the high standards for the Oracle Corporation. The principle provides honesty for the corporations and its employees as they deal with partners and stakeholders along with the company's customers. The company has embraced the ethical business ethics of honesty and with this code.

A Rose for Emily essay Essay Example for Free

A Rose for Emily essay Essay Sometimes in life, the suppression of one’s ambitions combined with the fear of loneliness can lead to a clinging of the familiar. This is evident in William Faulkner’s short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily† in which an emotionally unstable Emily Grierson poisons her lover, Homer Barron, to prevent him from deserting her. Because of the Griersons’ high social status, the townspeople keep up with Emily’s every move although she had become a recluse in the years following her oppressive father’s death. With an overall forthright tone, Faulkner creates a surprise ending by using an unconventional plot structure and conveys the dangerous extremes  one may resort to in order for love. At first glance, the ending of â€Å"A Rose for Emily† may come as a shock due to the unchronological plot, but in hindsight there are many clues that Faulkner uses to suggest an unfortunate resolution. The surprise, of course, is the revelation of Emily’s necrophilic tendency to embrace the corpse of Homer. The first ominous hint toward Emily’s crime is when a â€Å"smell developed† two years â€Å"after her father’s death and a short time after her sweetheart†¦deserted her. † This evokes a feeling of curiosity as to what could be causing such a stench in Emily’s home that would attract the neighbors’ attention. Later, when her father died, the doctors had to â€Å"[try] to persuade her to let them dispose of the body. † Even though her selfish father drove away all of her suitors just so he could keep Emily as a maid, â€Å"with nothing left, she would have to cling to that which had robbed her. † Because her father was all she had known, Emily refused to let him go even though he robbed her of any opportunity at love. Her clinging to Mr. Grierson after his death strongly foreshadows her future clinging to Homer after she murders him. The next clue involves Emily’s purchasing of arsenic from a druggist. When he informs her that the law requires a reason for the purchase, â€Å"Miss Emily just stared at him, her head tilted back in order to look him eye for eye†Ã¢â‚¬â€daring him to try forcing the reason from her. This suspicious action evokes a feeling of suspense as Miss Emily’s intentions are still unclear but obviously harmful. Had she planned to use the arsenic only â€Å"for rats,† why would she withhold her reason from the druggist? One final hint is given after Emily’s visiting relatives leave the town and â€Å"within three days Homer Barron was back in town. † He is admitted into Emily’s house and the narrator remarks â€Å"that was the last we saw of Homer Barron. † Once more, apprehensiveness is apparent as the narrator’s statement is usually uttered only when a person is presumed to have died. These hints would certainly reveal the surprise prematurely had they been told in a conventional, chronological plot. If Faulkner presented them in order—first Emily’s clinging to Mr. Grierson after his death, her purchasing of arsenic, Homer’s disappearance into Emily’s home, and then the acrid smell emanating from her home—the conclusion would be far more predictable. ` Through the use of an unchronological, unorthodox plot structure, Faulkner is able to  astound the reader with an appalling resolution. Although many ominous hints add to the suspense, the resolution remains unknown. Had the events unfolded in consecutive time, the surprise factor of the conclusion would not have been as effective. Emily’s embracing of the corpse of her dead lover shows her mental instability as she resists letting go of what is familiar to her, just as she did with her father. A morbid story with an unconventional plot structure, â€Å"A Rose for Emily† provides insight into how a fear of loneliness can drastically affect one’s actions and mental state.

Cuban Missile Crisis Decision Making

Cuban Missile Crisis Decision Making Introduction A decision can be defined as the culmination of a thought process analysing a problem. Good decision making is vital for the well being and safety of a man. Many men who have not given it a thought have come to grief because of poor decisions. Naturally we make poor decisions all from time to time, but a man needs to rediscover himself and identify those qualities, which are critical to good decision making. Historical perspective Background After the Second World War, most of the countries in Europe and Latin America became a fertile land for proxy wars between the two superpowers, i.e. USSR and USA. While the Soviet Union campaigned for communism in their areas of influence the USA promoted liberal democratic values and capitalism. The race for world domination was such that both the superpowers escalated the nuclear arms race and always prepared for a nuclear strike in their soil from the opposing camp. Naturally, they wanted to place nuclear missiles in areas that could reach the enemy state in terms of the range of the missiles. The Cuban Missile crisis was an example of such strategies. American intelligence The crisis came to surface on 14th October 1962 when the intelligence images provided by American U2 reconnaissance flights showed some spots in Cuba which were installing and moving nuclear missiles. President Kennedy and principal foreign policy and national defense officials were briefed on the U-2 findings and discussions were held about the course of action to be taken in response to the nuclear threat. Two principal plans were formulated an air strike and invasion, or a naval quarantine with the threat of further military action. President Kennedy decided to keep the findings confidential from the public eye, so as to avoid the chaos that would follow in response to such as dangerous nuclear threat. As American military units started being deployed in bases in South Eastern US, President Kennedy’s official schedules were maintained while secret discussions were periodically held with advisers to monitor the developments and come up with strategies to diffuse the situation. During this time, Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko in a visit to President Kennedy said that the Soviet aid being provided to Cuba were for defensive purposes and would pose no threat to the US. The US president kept the information he had about the nuclear missiles confidential. However, he also mentioned to the Soviet Foreign Minister that any threat to American national security would be dealt with in a harsh manner. Meanwhile, more images of from another U2 flight showed additional sites and the number of missiles were estimated to be between 16 to 32. American Response plans After 5 days of deliberations about the response to be taken, it was decided to go ahead with the plan to quarantine Cuba by US Navy ships. A decision to inform the American citizens was also taken. On the sixth day, President Kennedy was informed by General Walter Sweeney of the Tactical Air Command who tells him that an air strike could not guarantee 100% destruction of the missiles. To seek the advice of his predecessors former Presidents Hoover, Truman, and Eisenhower were briefed about the situation on the 7th day. The president also established the Executive Committee of the National Security Council to monitor the crisis everyday, and also informed his ally the British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan of the situation. A letter was also sent to Soviet leader Khrushchev in which President Kennedy argued about the futile effort of a nuclear confrontation which would result in a catastrophic destruction of all parties concerned as well as the whole world. The president addressed the American citizens about the situation the same day in a televised conference. On the 23rd of October, the USA starts diplomatic maneuvers to gather international support against the aggression of the Soviets. Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs Edwin Martin seeks a resolution of support from the Organization of American States. Ambassador to the United Nations Adlai Stevenson lays the matter before the U.N. Security Council. In this period, the American ships of the naval quarantine fleet move into place around Cuba. Soviet submarines threaten the quarantine by moving into the Caribbean area. However, Khrushchev orders Soviet ships on their way to Cuba to stop in the Atlantic about 750 miles away. This prevents a confrontation but, the oil tanker Bucharest continues towards Cuba. In the evening Robert Kennedy meets with Ambassador Dobrynin at the Soviet Embassy. Russian Response and American Counter response On the 24th of October the Soviet premier sends a letter to President Kennedy. President Khrushchev’s response to the letter sent by US president Kennedy indicated that the Soviets were not willing to take away Missiles and blamed the US for showing aggression by carrying out a naval quarantine. According to the Soviets, the US was trying to intimidate them by threatening to use force against the Soviet ship thereby, endangering international peace. The next day, Kennedy writes a letter to Khrushchev to urge him to step down. He had been briefed that some of the missiles in Cuba had already become operational. Meanwhile, the U.N. tries to negotiate a settlement by suggesting a short period for cooling down the tension. However, it is rejected by the US because the missiles could be deployed at any time given that it had already become operationally ready. U.S. Ambassador Adlai Stevenson in a debate at the Security Council shows the photographs of the missiles in presence of the Soviet ambassador Valerian Zorin. The US president also orders his Air Force to increase the number of flights over Cuba from once a day to twice a day, so as to gather more intelligence.Photographic evidence shows accelerated construction of the missile sites and the uncrating of Soviet IL-28 bombers at Cuban airfields. During this period Cuban president Fidel Castro urges the Soviets to initiate a nuclear first strike, but Khrushchev is not prepared for a nuclear war. So, he sends a letter to Kennedy with an offer to remove the missiles if the Americans agree to lift the quarantine along with a promise that it will not invade Cuba. American intelligence in this period shows that construction activities of missile sites are progressing at an alarming speed, so the USA starts discussing about invading Cuba to control the missile sites. However, they become concerned that invading Cuba would definitely result in a war that could turn nuclear. On the 12th day of the crisis another letter from Moscow is received in Washington. This letter demands the removal of American missile from Turkey in exchange for removal of missiles from Cuba. Deliberation in Washington decides to ignore this second letter and respond only to the previous one. At the mean time the American Air force is kept in high alert to be ready for an invasion, if it is decided. Later that night, Robert Kennedy, President Kennedy’s confidante meets secretly with Ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin where it is agreed that the Soviets would remove the missiles under United Nations supervision in exchange for an American pledge not to invade Cuba. Theories used in crisis decision making Rational actor model Rational actor model attempts to describe a states behavior as that of a perfectly rational individual, who is normally assumed to have perfect situational knowledge, and who attempts to optimize whatever values/goals are sought in a given situation. (Slantchev, 2005). The basic assumption of this model is that in a difficult situation nation consider all options and act rationally to maximize their utility. Under this model: Governments are treated as the primary actor. The government examines a set of goals, evaluates them according to their utility, then picks the one that has the highest payoff. The action is chosen as a calculated solution to a strategic problem Explanation consists of showing what goal the government was pursuing when it acted and how the action was a reasonable choice given the nation’s objective The formal way of defining rational actor model is by using four key concepts.In order to determinethe possible cause of actions of nations following criteria must be analyzed. Scrutinize reading of this concept also reveals the process of development of decision by national leader. (1) The Goals and Objectives of the Nation, (2) The Alternatives, (3) The Consequences, 4) The Choice the nation made Organization process model An organizational process model is one of the decision making model in which there is time and information limitations and Decision makers involved does not seek an optimal solution rather attempts to find a solution which achieves a set (minimum) goal, and minimizes risk of failure. The organizational model focuses mainly on four concepts On the type of group and office involved Type of information The task being done The task that the groups are actually capable of doing This model attempts to forecast thefuture activities of organization based on its present activity. The organizations involved in the decision making were military, Intelligence, White house. The personnel involved were some core group decision makers. The type of information that the group got was from the CIA efforts of collecting data on Cuba and a standard protocol that planned airreconnaissance in the Cuban air space .The detail information about the presence of missile proved to be important. But there were also criticism that the information provided was not in time Kennedy chose the option of naval blockade in Cuba. It was made possible by the factthat, A big and strong navy already existed in U.S. and Navy had already prepared and rehearsed a comprehensive operational plan. The organization process model attempts to define action that is otherwise not described by rational actor model. It explains all the actions during the crisis are not only the result of rational decision making but also the consequence of normal organizational processes. For example, in Cuban missile crisis, the strategy of Russians was different at different time period. While the ships were being taken to Cuba, the secrecy and camouflage was given the highest priority. But once the ship reached Cuba, there priority shifted on building missile bases. The government politics model The third model is recognized as thegovernmental politics model or bureaucratic model and is characterized by the use of various decision makers and committee leadership.(Sexton, 2007) . The Government politics model adopted by the administration of the US president highlights The personalities of individuals, Their backgrounds and Theinterdependent influences among each other in a group. President Kennedy selected the core group advisors and depended on them for taking decision. The advisors also comprised of his own brother Robert, the nations Attorney General at the time and TheodoreSorenson. Governmental Behavior Model A Governmental Behavior Model focuses on the individuals that took part in the decision making , their background , their personality traits , the level of information they had and their overall influence in overall decision making process. It emphasizes that actions may not be the result of one monolithic entity choosing the most rational action, but rather the integrated and refined effort of many people with different background, objectives, information and estimates of outcomes that were discussed and compromised. For example, Kennedy put together a committee of advisors, including his national security advisor, the head of the state department, the head of the DoD, and other acting government leaders, a former ambassador to Russia, a retired State Department administrator, and others. The Transcripts of tapes of the White House discussions, the book that were made public later clearly shows the debating and decision-making process. It includes how various members of the discussi on brought up ideas, changed sides, and fused their ideas together.. (John, 2010) Small group model In the Cuban missile crisis, The decision making process reflected the small group model . The decision was solely made by the EXCOMM and the president. This model emphasize on the need for secrecy, decisiveness in policy making, speed and an extraordinary degree of liquidity in the flow of information to and from the White House.(Gopalan, 2014). President Kennedy created the Executive Committee of the National Security Council (EXCOM) to advise him on the Cuban Missile Crisis. The EXCOMM was formally established by National Security Action Memorandum 196 on Oct 22, 1962. Outcome of Cuban missile Crisis Kennedy certainly came out of the crisis with a reputation greatly enhanced in the west. Khrushchev, for his part, was deemed by his colleagues to have suffered a humiliation, and the crisis was one of the issues that led to his being deposed in October 1964. They both have showed responsible leadership and a means to find a peaceful resolution. They both have rejected hard-line advices and were careful not to escalate the crisis. Khrushchev might even be said to have shown greater courage in making what was publicly seen as the larger concessions. In the aftermath of the crisis they both worked to improve relation and prevent a recurrence of such a confrontation. The â€Å"hotline† allowing direct communication between both leaders was installed and the Partial Test Ban Treaty of September 1963 signified a 1st step towards arm control. Kennedy’s hope to build on these steps, brutally ended by his assassination in November 1963, further heightened his statesman- like image. However both men had acted recklessly in bringing the crisis about. Khrushchev and Castro should have realized the danger of secretly introducing nuclear weapons into Cuba. They could not be kept secret, and the US reaction should have been predictable. Conventional forces, perhaps a couple of Soviet armored brigades, should have been enough to deter a US invasion of Cuba, without risking a major confrontation. And Kennedy could have too secretly requested to remove the missile, might have avoided a confrontation. Finally, the world was fortunate that the greatest crisis of the Cold War era was deescalated. If the technology advances have made missile launch shorter and submarines quitter and when decisions could be made in minutes, the consequences could easily have been catastrophic. After the Cuban Missile Crisis both sides were careful to avoid such circumstances. One Missile Crisis was enough. Bibliography Allison, G. P. (1999). Essence of Decision. New York: Longman. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureaucracy Cuban Missile crisis. (2014). Retrieved April 18, 2014, from HISTORY: http://www.history.com/topics/cold-war/cuban-missile-crisis Cuban Missile Crisis. (2014). Retrieved April 23, 2014, from John of Keneddy Presidential Library and Museum.: http://www.jfklibrary.org/JFK/JFK-in-History/Cuban-Missile-Crisis.aspx. Elite theory. (2014, 25 April). Retrieved April 30, 2014, from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elite_theory Essence of Decision. (2014, May 03). Retrieved May 03, 2014, from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essence_of_Decision Gopalan, K. (2014). Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis. Retrieved April 24, 2014, from FOREIGN POLICY JOURNAL : http://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2010/08/16/kennedy-and-the-cuban-missile-crisis/ John, M. (2010, January 12). Essense of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis. Retrieved april 23, 2014, from Essense of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis: http://marieljohn.blogspot.com/2010/01/essense-of-decision-explaining-cuban.html L.Slantchev. (n.d.). Chapter 13. Decision Making in Politics. . Retrieved April 24, 2014, from The Challenge of politics , the introduction of political science: http://college.cqpress.com/sites/challenge/Home/chapter13.aspx 1

Causes of The Great Depression Essay -- essays research papers

The Great Depression It is said that the cause of the catastrophic stock market crash known as the great depression was due mostly to uncontrolled political and industrial systems otherwise known as capitalism. However, the timeline leading up to the Great Depression proves that many other factors played a role in the stock market crash that occurred in the decade of the 1930's. So lets take a look at rather four, factors contributing to the great depression that we will further discuss in the following paragraphs. Four of the main causes that led up to the great depression were unequal distribution of wealth, uncontrolled political and industrial systems, high tariffs and war debts. Money was distributed mostly between the rich and the middle-class, in the United States, and between the U.S. and Europe. This imbalance of wealth created an unstable economy this type of the economy eventually lead up to large market crashes. These market crashes, caused the American economy to be overturned. The total income in the United States rose from $74.3 billion in 1923 to $89 billion in 1929 this rise in the economy was due to the Coolidge Prosperity(Business and Industry was flourishing and big business became bigger so the stock market went up greatly) even after this boost in the stock market the money wasn’t making its way around equally because most farmers were still poor. United States maintained high 1. tariffs on goods imported from other countries, at the same time that it was making foreign loans and trying to export products. This combination could not be sustained: If other nations could not sell their goods in the United States, they could not make enough money to buy American products or repay American loan... ... June 1939 7.2 10.4 + 7.9 17.2 1940 6.9 9.9 1941 7.7 12.1 1942 10.3 24.8 1943 13.7 44.8 1944 21.7 45.3 1945 21.3 43.7 As you can see, Roosevelt began to bring the people out of the depression and that resulted in some astonishing growth numbers. (Roosevelt's average growth of 5.2 percent during the Great Depression is even higher than Reagan's 3.7 percent growth during his Seven Fat Years ) When 1936 saw a phenomenal record of 14 percent growth, Roosevelt eased back on the deficit spending, overly worried about balancing the budget. Between 1940 and 1945, the Growth Deficit Product nearly doubled in size, from $832 billion to $1,559 billion in constant 87 dollars. And this occurred as deficit spending soared, to levels Keynes had earlier and unsuccessfully recommended to Roosevelt

Laertes in Shakespeares Hamlet Essay -- GCSE English Literature Cours

Laertes in Hamlet  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   In the Shakespearean tragedy, Hamlet, the reader or viewer meets a dashing young man who is key to the climax of the tragedy, and key to the fulfillment of the Ghost’s admonition to Hamlet. He is Laertes, whose character forms the subject of this essay.    Marvin Rosenberg describes Laertes in his essay, â€Å"Laertes: An Impulsive but Earnest Young Aristocrat†:    Laertes is a dashing, romantic figure who excites striking, spectacular moments in the play. Not much attention has been paid to him by scholar-critics and theatre observers; for all his activity in the later acts, he is not much cursed with inward struggle – while being surrounded by others fascinating for their infernos of inwardness. After Laertes’ brief, bright introduction in I,i and I,iii, he disappears from the play – and Denmark – until he returns at the head of a rebellion in IV,v. . . (87).    Laertes makes his appearance in the drama after Marcellus, Barnardo and Horatio have already seen the Ghost and have trifled with it in an effort to prompt it to communicate with them. Horatio and Marcellus exit the ramparts of Elsinore intending to enlist the aid of Hamlet, who is dejected by the â€Å"o’erhasty marriage† to Hamlet I’s wife less than two month’s after the funeral of Hamlet’s father (Gordon 128). After this scene, Laertes is one of many in attendance at a post-coronation social gathering of the court at Elsinore. Laertes, like Fortinbras a rival of Hamlet (Kermode 1138), comes with his father, Polonius, who manipulates both him and his sister (Boklund 122).G. Wilson Knight says, â€Å"Instinctively the creatures of earth—Laertes, Polonius, Ophelia, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, league themselves with Claudius... ...on Nardo. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Masks of Hamlet. Newark, NJ: Univ. of Delaware P., 1992.    Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1995. http://www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/hamlet/full.html    Ward & Trent, et al. The Cambridge History of English and American Literature. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1907–21; New York: Bartleby.com, 2000 http://www.bartleby.com/215/0816.html    West, Rebecca. â€Å"A Court and World Infected by the Disease of Corruption.† Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Court and the Castle. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1957.    Wilkie, Brian and James Hurt. â€Å"Shakespeare.† Literature of the Western World. Ed. Brian Wilkie and James Hurt. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1992.

Patriotism, Philosophy and Victory in the War for Independence Essay

America’s fight for independence would emerge quite naturally out of the needs of its people to establish a form of governance, of economy and of society reflective of the demands created by the path of development of the colonies. Its people would be assisted in their ascent to this revolt by no small degree of propaganda, which would help to represent the trespasses of kingship as a form of governance for the masses. Of the primary documents mentioned in American Firsthand, Thomas Paine’s 1776 pamphlet Common Sense, remains the most famous and representative of such literature. And indeed, the sentiment here delivered helps to explain how the patriots prevailed in conflict with the mighty British military. In a text designed to produce a sense of revolutionary outrage, Paine crafts a philosophical treatise on appropriate governance designed to counter that which had very organically emerged in the colonies with the increasingly archaic nature of monarchy such as that imposed upon the colonists by the British. In his pamphlet, Paine openly calls for and advocates armed resistance as a means to the defense of the economic and governmental systems developing separate from the British Crown. He characterizes the distinction between kingship and the evolving colonial democracy as being irreconcilable, contending that â€Å"men of all ranks have embarked in the controversy, from different motives, and with various designs; but all have been ineffectual, and the period of debate is closed. Arms, as the last resource, decide the contest. (82) Couched in Paine’s sense of righteous indignation, the text largely drives toward this point by making the concerted argument that the colonists can tolerate the imposition of kingship so far as they can tolerate the sacrifice of the freedoms which had become inherently associated to persistence in the nascent America. This would be the undercurrent that would sweep the colonists into vehement support for the cause of independence, drawing a core philosophical connection between the anticipated form of government and the emotional disposition of those which the means to achieve it. For the patriots, this mode of communication with the public would be essential to drawing steadfast support for an unlikely ambition. There would be so strong a wave of indignation that the type of language employed by figures like Paine would have a real, tangible and irreversible impact on the attitudes of the colonists. The indignation resonates in Paine’s advocacy of progressive thoughts on the rights of man. In his text, he writes with great rhetorical flourish of the natural tendency of individuals toward civil liberty. This endows his work with the sense of a divine endorsement of individual liberty and an explication of the rational movement toward democratic governance. Of Thomas Paine’s recommendation that the colonists awaken to the injustice being dealt them at the hands of the monarchy, there is a principle encouragement toward the acquiescence to democracy which would be used to define a moral divergence between the aspirant colonial leaders and members of the oppressing British Crown. Drawing a hypothetical discussion of a spontaneously occurring new civilization which clearly intimates the experience of the colonists, he remarks that there is an inherent drive amongst these pioneers to consent â€Å"to leave the legislative part to be managed by a select number chosen from the whole body, who are supposed to have the same concerns at stake which have who appointed them. (Paine, 67) This clear endorsement of the natural proclivity of the colonists toward democratic organization would find clear favor with a people enjoying the manifold benefits of existing in a society separate from the dominance of the crown. Particularly, there would be a resonance with colonists in the idea that each of them might be accorded equal and inviolable rights. As Paine notes, this is an idea hinted at by the British Law of Commons, but made immediately ridiculous by the inbuilt inequality of the monarchy as a form of government. The rationality at center would be reflected in the quickness with which the colonists would begin to take up arms against a much greater force. Yet still other documents noted by America Firsthand denote that Paine had seized on already prevalent sensations amongst statesmen and community leaders considering the failed rationality of British oversight. Quite certainly, America’s burgeoning into a representative democracy and a constitutional state of governance would be produced by years of political discord and intensive philosophical discourse. The literature of the period leading up to and inspiring the revolution would play a key part in proliferating the ideas of democracy, of the natural rights of man and of the various themes of social justice which would contribute to the theoretical founding of the Union. A sermon by Massachusetts statesman and preacher Nathaniel Niles, delivered in 1774, would prefigure some of the more recognized and influential works of revolutionary America, including Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence (1776) and An Act for Establishing Religious Freedom (1777); and Paine’s Common Sense. Indisputably, Niles would be inclined to note in these works—and further approve of the adaptation of his own ideas—of the natural tendency of individuals toward civil liberty, the sense of a divine endorsement of individual liberty and an explication of the logical movement toward democratic governance. On the primary topic, Niles would provide an explicit definition. â€Å"Civil liberty consists,† according to Niles, â€Å"not in any inclinations of the members of a community, but in the being and due administration of such a system of laws, as effectually tends to the greatest felicity of a state. (Niles, 260) In the absence of any such constitutional administration for the colonies, British rule would be regarded in this text as a pointedly counter-intuitive form of governance to the growing proclivity for civil liberties. Such is a perspective at the very heart of Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence. A document to the Enlightenment philosophy according men equal rights and proceeding from a conception of a natural liberty foundational to the subsequent authorship of the U. S.  Constitution, it would bespeak the inevitability of Niles’ conception, that the attainment of civil liberty was primary among men, and that â€Å"to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. † (Jefferson, 8) Here, we begin to recognize a persistent pattern amongst the patriots who would lead American to self-determination. Essentially, figures of deep ideological conviction, they would succeed in stimulating revolutionary fervor by reinforcing the primacy of their beliefs. Herein, they would uncover a social pattern underscoring this belief. Such would coalesce into an outright fervor for victory from what had come to be seen as occupation. In addition to the social inclination toward civil liberties, Niles also speaks to the divinity of such a consideration, arguing with a recurrent parallel that God himself considers personal and civil liberty to be gifts of the highest order. Remarking on multiple occasions of the Jews’ struggle to gain freedom from their Egyptian oppressors, the author expresses a sentiment which compares the injustice of this slavery to the injustice of British tyranny in the colonies. To make the case that God would specifically endorse the colonialist cause, he asserts that of the Jews that God â€Å"promised them freedom from the oppression of their enemies as a testimony of his favour in case of their obedience; and as chastisement for their disobedience, he threatened them with servitude. † (Niles, 266) Niles’ purpose here is to remark upon the divinity in the quest for political liberty, using his pulpit as a forum through which to espouse a spiritualized sense of resistance to the monarchy. This parallels the proposition found in Jefferson’s Act, which impels the reader to observe the improprieties of a theoretical—though clearly Britain-inspired—force which â€Å"hath established and maintained false religions over the greatest part of the world, and through all time. † (Jefferson, 14) Here, Jefferson equates the British imposition of authority throughout the colonized world with a misrepresentation of God’s will. His content speaks of an oppressive religious system but bears the mark of allegation against the British abuse of Christianity. By seizing on a subject of deep emotional importance to those subjected, there becomes a core association between patriotism and godliness, further endowing colonists with an unshakeable conviction. Just as Jefferson’s discussion would be a practical application of Niles’ religious perspective, so too would Thomas Paine’s work speak to the political ideas in Niles’ work. This clear endorsement of the natural proclivity of the colonists toward democratic organization would find clear favor with Nathaniel Niles, himself an active supporter of this strategy. In fact, perhaps most important of the foundations to the Niles discussion is his testament to the superiority of democratic governance as a means to best representing the good of a civilization, arguing that â€Å"when a majority unite in any measures, it is to be supposed, they are such measures as are best calculated to secure the particular interests of the members of that majority; and , consequently, the general interests of the body are more effectually provided for. (Niles, 266) This, the author argues, is an indication that the desire to improve a governance of a society must be founded on aspirations to move policy and rule more closely into proximity of majority interests. In Niles’ 1774 text, the loud beckoning for a populist ascendancy to independence can be detected. The combined texts of Niles, Paine and Jefferson form a nuanced case against the policies and practices of the British. And certainly, the point at which they seem most to form a concurrent school of philosophy is in their shared sense of this independence movement as not simply concerning the liberty of the American colonists but as serving the more universal ‘natural rights’ of man. Each of these texts refers as its ideological underpinning to an intercession between administrative practicality, social morality and divine providence in arguing that the desire of the colonists for independence could be viewed as a larger resistance to the European practices of monarchical colonialism which had shaped the globe for centuries prior. This natural tendency toward self-determination stands as a testament to the will of the fledgling republic’s leaders and remarks tellingly of their ascendance to victory over the British.

Of mice and men-Discuss the importance of the American dream Essay

Dictionary: the American dream An American ideal of a happy and successful life to which all may aspire: â€Å"In the deepening gloom of the Depression, the American Dream represented a reaffirmation of traditional American hopes†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ Dictionary: dream a cherished desire The American Dream is a dream of success, fame and wealth achieved in the United States of America. It’s thought to be achievable by â€Å"hard work, courage, and determination†, or by â€Å"getting rich quick†. The concept often involves moving upward in the social classes, and may involve icons such as car, house, partner and pet. This definition of the American dream is universal, but it can have a different meaning for different classes of people. People have dreams The novel of mice and men, written by John Steinbeck, is set in 1930’s California during the Great Depression. The two main characters called George and Lennie are migrant workers travelling from ranch to ranch just to get by and make a little money so that one day they can live their own American dream. Throughout the book, Lennie always asks George to tell him and re-tell him their dream of someday owning their own land. ‘Someday we’re gonna get our jack together and we’re gonna have a little house and a couple of acres an’ a cow and some pigs.’ The use of the word someday shows a sense of longing and uncertainty; he doesn’t know if it will happen soon or even at all. Because of the time the book is set or George and Lennie’s lifestyle, their dream is not the exact definition of the ‘American dream’. It is more to do with freedom and the amount of land owned which equals a higher status in society the more land you owned. George and Lennie’s dream is motivated by the fact that they have no stability in where they live or work. Being migrant workers, they have a very unsettled lifestyle because they don’t know how long they will be needed to work there. After they aren’t needed or if they get fired, it could take a long time to find another job. Their dream of owning a rural house on their own in the Salinas valley is a comforting thought of stability and not having to worry about nowhere to live. The Salinas valley is not a typical rural setting of America, but as George and Lennie have not traveled far, it is their idea of perfect. There are no comfortable houses, but vast orchards, vineyards, and ranched thoroughly tended. In the book, the Californian countryside is described in vast detail at the beginning and end of every chapter. Steinbeck uses description of the surroundings as he, like Lennie developed a close bond with nature. In my opinion, this is Steinnbeck’s dream Other characters living on the ranch also have similar dreams. The migrant worker candy for example is afraid of being alone and dreams of living out the rest of his life with company. When he hears about George and Lennie’s dream asks them if he can join them so he wont be lonely. ‘S’pose I went in with you guys. How’d that be? When they can me I wont have no place else to go an’ I can’t get no more jobs.’ He is desperate so he pleads with them even though he hasn’t known them very long. Another person on the ranch with a dream is Curley’s wife. Her dream is of fame and fortune †Nother time I met a guy-he was in the pitchers. He said he’d put me in the movies. Said I was a natural. Soon’s he got back to Hollywood he was gonna write to me about it. I never got that letter. I always thought my ol’ lady stole it.’ She has this dream as an escape from her husband who is very sexist and discriminatory against women. At the time the book is set, women were treated poorly and only thought of as housewives for bringing up children and were used commonly for sex purposes. Curley treats ‘Curley’s wife’ poorly so she dreams about being rich and famous being a movie star. Ironically, this is the dream of many American people nowadays; to be rich and famous as they aspire to be the everyday celebrities we see today. Another dream of hers is also not to be lonely. She explains to Lennie ‘ I never get to talk to nobody. I get awful lonely.’ This shows that she is lonely because she confides in him about her problem and she doesn’t know him at all. Crooks is the Negro stable buck. He has a separate room away from the white people living and working on the ranch. This also shows the amount of racism at the time the story is set. It seems his dream is to not be treated differently because of his skin colour. He says ‘ I ain’t wanted ’cause I’m black. They play cards in there, but I can’t play because I’m black. They say I stink.’ It is obvious that he doesn’t agree with these comments by the way he speaks. He ‘speaks sharply’ showing he is angry about these comments. He talks about everyone else except for him playing cards implying that he would like to play cards too, along with everyone else. In conclusion, I think that the American dream is important to different characters in different ways and different interpretations.