Security Challenges for Health Information Systems

certificate Ch allenges for Health Information SystemsCurtis AndersonHealth give c ar Information Systems faces challenges of m any organizations defend their tuition carcasss from potential threats, such as vir gives, accidental fires, un tried softw are, and employee theft of selective entropy. Falling into three categories homosexual threats (intentional or unintentional human tampering), Natural and environmental (floods, fires, and power outages), and Technology functions (failure of drives, and no backup), vir put ons are the most frequent and virulent forms of computer tampering. An new(prenominal) common credential come ins has to do with internal break ines, usually ca lend oneself by installation or utilise of unauthorized software, illegal and illicit confabulation surfing sites, and email harassment, and using an organizations computer for soulfulnessal gain. Hardware, like software, subroutined in wellness care information systems must be protected from going away ca accustomd by theft, thereby exposing confidential persevering information (Wager, Lee, Glaser, 2013, p. 352-356).The Department of Health and Human Services certification precepts published in the Federal Register on February 20, 2003 (68 Fed. Reg. 34, 8333-8381), and was updated by the HITECH legislating, which is governed by HIPAA protective covering Rule protects ePHI wellness information that is hold or transmitted in electronically, is closely related to HIPAA hiding Rule, which governs all protected wellness information (PHI) (Wager et al., 2013, p. 356).With the advancement of restless engine room and the cultivation of applications found in many man-portable machinations, health preventative is full in the delivery of health care entropy. A conducted systematic review article and meta-analysis shows the effectiveness of mobile-health applied science, through a controlled trial of mobile technology interventions that is utilize to improve th e delivery process of health care information. The conducted independent charter of selective information allocation concealment, allocation sequence, measured the effects by calculate estimates, and random effects meta-analysis(Free et al., 2013). The report card showed a low risk of bias, where the health care trials supported outcomes for the appropriate management of disease, and showed crucial benefits to the improvement in nurse/surgeon communication use of mobile phones for reducing diagnoses with the use of mobile technology. The conclusion of these trials showed health care providers supporting the process of intervention beneficial, precisely a more quality trial outcome is necessitate to be certain of the results.Security ChallengesThe state of the healthcare organization should be to protect health information at all times a critical process of tribute practices and regulatory conformance in the healthcare industry (Kwon Johnson, 2013). Using the Wards cluste r analysis, a stripped-d own variance that is based on the adoption warrantor measure practice amongst organizations, measured the dichotomous data to indicate the presence or the absence of security practices. When identifying the relationship of clusters and regulatory compliance, the results of the healthcare Information and Management Systems clubhouse conducted a telephone-based survey, which found the United States healthcare organizations adoption of security practices, die incident, and perceived compliance levels related to Health Inform Technology for scotch and Clinical Health, and the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, that state laws governing unhurried information security, identified three clusters Leaders, Follower, and Laggers, producing a difference of non-technical practices, with the highest level compliance being associate with the organization who employed the use of a residue approach using the technical and non-technical practice (Kwon Johnson, 2013).Security StrategiesSecurity incidents hold been closely related to the use of laptops, different portable and/or mobile devices and external hardware storage that contain or used to entryway Electronic Protected Health Information (EPHI), falls under the responsibility of HIPAA Security Rule, which requires reviewing and modifying security policies and procedures on a regular basis (HIPAA Security Guidance, 2006). The reinforcing of ways to protect EPHI when admission chargeed or used outside of and organizations purview, using strategies gouge be reasonable and appropriate to conduct business organisation activities using a portable medial/device (such as USB scud drives) to store EPHI, and the ability to entranceway or transport EPHI using laptops, person digital assistants (PDAs) , home computers and non-corporate equipment, delegated by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), enforce HIPAA Security Standards, to go steady actions cov ered by the organizations is reasonable and appropriate to safeguard the confidentially, ace and availability of EPHI (HIPAA Security Guidance, 2006).The organization should establish risk analysis and risk management drive policies to reduce vulnerabilities that fag end be associated with remote access, and offsite use of EPHI. Establishing bringing up policies in the workplace to head any vulnerability that may be associates with remote access to EPHI, by changing and safeguarding passwords, protecting remote device/media by creating polices that prohibits these devise unattended, and the transmitting of EPHE on open networks or downloading EPHI on open networks or downloading EPHI on a remote computer (HIPAA Security Guidance, 2006). It is important that a security incident and non-compliance issue be address in order to manage any harmful effects of the bolshy of the device, by securing and securing evidence, managing harmful effects, and notifying the affected party. Allo wing for or the requiring of offsite use of, or access to EPHI should have and established strategy plan developed and implemented for the laterality and access of EPHI in accordance with HIPAA Security Rule 164.308(a)(4) and the HIPAA Privacy Rule 164.508(HIPAA Security Guidance, 2006).Social NetworksUnderlying factors have concluded that a lack of information regarding the benefits, and limitations of affable media health communication amongst the general human race, and health professionals, use a systematic approach to identify, these benefits, and/or limitations of social media to communicate health data by a methodological quality of study that is assessed. on that point were seven main issues of social media, which includes focusing on increased interactions with others, to expedite, deal, and keeping health messages, as the new dimension to health care medium use by the humans, patients, and health professionals who communicate health issues for improving health out comes. The study shows that social media can be used as a right on tool, which offers collaboration between users, and social interaction for a range of individuals to share data electronically (Moorhead et al., 2013).Securing data on Social NetworksThere is a remarkable surge surrounding personal health record (PHR) systems for the patient and consumer, however biomedical studies do not show a potentially adequate capability and utility of PHR system (Tang, Ash, Bates, Overhage, Sands, 2006), hinders toe widespread deployment of PHR adoption. Since health care records are more than just a static deposit for patient data, it liquifys data, knowledge, and software tools, to help patients become active participants in their own care. However, the challenges of, technical, social, organizational, legal, and financial requires further study, that requires stakeholder, patients, provider, employers, payers, government, and research institutions to play key roles for developing PHR t echnology to overcome the barriers to the widespread adoption of PHRs, and develop polices, the cost associate with PHR in medical errors, dollars, and lives, to realize the potential benefits of routine health care and ruinous disasters (Tang et al., 2006).Strategies to Safeguard DataThe use of new technology, applications and platforms, such as social media, has created new opportunities in healthcare but raises concealing and security challenges, The essential to adapt old police and procedures, privacy and security protocols to cover communication channels and date sharing needs to be used efficaciously to protect a healthcare organization from the risk of a disclosing the privacy of a patients data (Social Media in healthcare Privacy and Security Considerations, n.d.). This process of using online tools and platform for sharing content and information for the purpose of Delivering pre-development content sending e-mail or posting on a website, engaging a population in di scussion to facilitate brand awareness/customer satisfaction, and manage communication that offers individuals and organization a convenient organized way to consolidate their communication.The challenges healthcare organizations face is ethical challenges an acceptable standard of regulatory and legal requirements that is mandated by Title II of HIPAA, and Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX), the National Center for Ethics in Healthcare (NCHEC), and the dramatic art Health Organization Ethics and Health Initiative (Social Media in Healthcare Privacy and Security Considerations, n.d.), to avoid any misconduct or wrong behavior becoming a serious issue with regard to the use of social media.The U.S Supreme Court decision on Sorrell v. IMS Health, Inc. addressed the issue of aggregated databases and the sale of prescriber data for marketing prescription drug drugs, where the ability to distribute, exchange, and use date from multiple sources is integral to clinical information processing, research, public health, quality improvement, and other healthcare operations. A pharmacy filling a prescription collects exact information which includes patient and provider names, drugs, and the dosage and prescribed quantities, and the date of the prescription being filled, allows a pharmacy to sell prescription information to data-mining companies of a patients information once it has been de-identified by meeting the HIPAA standards. However, legislation sought to restrict the sale of prescription date for marketing purpose using the prescription confidentiality law of 2006, where a data-mining company must obtain permission from the provider before selling prescription records (Petersen, DeMuro, Goodman, Kaplan, 2013).Hackers, cyberattacks and data breaches are the major attacks from outsiders, the motive and type of hackers is complex to chief information security officers (CISOs) and their staff in order to take action to protect and back their data system. Causing grat e consequences to the organizations, along with bad press, impact on reputation, and drop in share prices, requires legal action if a breach involves personal data theft. Identified as a data breach, the loss of control compromises unauthorized disclosure, unauthorized acquisition, and unauthorized access to data physically or electronically (Hayden, 2015). The protection of all date is impossible, as the proliferation of portable media, smartphones, USB drives and laptops increase the opportunity for the loss or theft of these devices along with their data requires that steps be taken to enable the encryption of mobile devise, and to at present inform security management of a device being stolen, befuddled, data being compromised.Trends in enterprise mobility has made mobile device security imperative, and the sales of smartphones is surpassing PC sales, the completive edge and benefits of mobility can be lost if the smartphone and tablet PC are not protected against mobile secur ity threats Mobile malware Smartphones and table are susceptible to worms, viruses, Trojans and spyware. Eavesdropping wireless networks use of link-level security lack end-to-end upper-layer security, allowing for unencrypted data to be eavesdropped upon. Unauthorized access the storing of login information to applications on mobile devise can be easily access to allow intruders access to email accounts and applications, and social media networks. Theft and loss storing significant amounts of sensitive data on a mobile device can be critical if you are in a hurry and moderate you iPhone in a taxicab, restaurant, and data loss can occur. Unlicensed and unmanaged applications this can cost a company in legal cost ( instruction consume Mobile device protection, 2015).Government and Quasi-governmentBenefitting from health surveillance, has pioneered, informatics analysis, and solutions in the field of informatics to serve other facets of public health, to include emergency respo nse, environmental health, nursing, and administration. As the systematic application of information and computer science and technology, public health practice, research, and learning professions apply mathematic, engineering, information science, and social science to public health problems and processes that are important to biomedical or health informatics (Savel Foldy, 2012). With seven ongoing elements of any public health surveillance system Planning and system design to identify information and sources that addresses the surveillance goal. Data Collection The use of different collection methods, to identify the appropriate use of a structured data system that supports easier, faster, and higher-quality data entry field compared to free test, useful vocabulary, and data standards. Date management and collation are used to share data across different computing/technology platforms to link data with data from a legacy system. Analysis is used for the statistical and visual ization application, to generate algorithms that alert users of aberrations in health event. explanation this is useful to compare information from one surveillance program with other data sets. Application to public health programs this utility assesses surveillance data directly flowing into an information system that support public health interventions and information elements (Savel Foldy, 2012). The challenges of surveillance informatics includes an efficient and effective way to combine sources of complex data and information into an actionable knowledgeable to meet the challenges to drum at a faster, better, and lower cost surveillance and interpretation of health events and trends, the leveraging of technology standards ability to not only talk and listen, but understand each other. Adopting such a system is insufficient since twain semantic and syntactic standard must be implemented and tested to ensure system validity.In conclusion, healthcare security is vital to th e securing and protecting a patients privacy and healthcare information from being breached, lost, stolen, while protecting the healthcare system from viruses, worms, malware and spyware, that can affect the integrity of an organization, a drop in stock prices, and legal issues. Protecting any system that stores vital organization and personal information should be a priority.ReferencesFree, C., Phillips, G., Watson, L., Galli, L., Felix, L., Edwards, P., Haines, A. (2013). The effectiveness of mobile-health technologies to improve health care service delivery processes a systematic review and meta-analysis. Retrieved whitethorn 20, 2015, from http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23458994HIPAA Security Guidance. (2006). Retrieved may 20, 2015, from http//www.hhs.gov/ocr/privacy/hipaa/administrative/securityrule/remoteuse.pdfHayden, E. (2015). Data breach protection requires new barriers. Retrieved May 20, 2015, from http//searchsecurity.techtarget.com/feature/Data-breach-protection-re quires-new-barriersKwon, J., Johnson, E. M. (2013). Security practices and regulatory compliance in the healthcare industry. Retrieved May 20, 2015, from http//connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/84758015/security-practices-regulatory-compliance-healthcare-industryLearning guide Mobile device protection. (2015). Retrieved May 20, 2015, from http//searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/guides/Mobile-device-protection-and-security-threat-measuresMoorhead, PhD, MSc, S. A., Hazlett, PhD, MSc, D. E., Harrison, MSc, L., Carroll, MD, MPH, J. K., Irwin, PhD, A., Hoving, PhD, C. (2013). A New dimension of Health Care Systematic Review of the Uses, Benefits, and Limitations of Social Media for Health Communication. Retrieved May 20, 2015, from http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3636326/Petersen, C., DeMuro, P., Goodman, K. W., Kaplan, B. (2013). Sorrell v. IMS Health issues and opportunities for informaticians. Retrieved May 20, 2015, from http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23104048S avel, MD, T. G., Foldy, MD, S. (2012). The Role of Public Health Informatics in Enhancing Public Health Surveillance. Retrieved May 20, 2015, from http//www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/su6103a5.htm?s_cid=su6103a5_xSocial Media in Healthcare Privacy and Security Considerations. (n.d.). Retrieved May 20, 2015, from http//himss.files.cms-plus.com/HIMSSorg/Content/files/Social_Media_Healthcare_WP_FTang, MD, MS, P. C., Ash, PhD, J. S., Bates, MD, D. W., Overhage, MD, PhD, J. M., Sands, MD, MPH, D. Z. (2006). Personal Health Records Definitions, Benefits, and Strategies for Overcoming Barriers to Adoption. Retrieved May 20, 2015, from http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1447551/Wager, K. A., Lee, F. W., Glaser, J. P. (2013). Health Care Information Systems (3rd ed.). San Francisco, CA Jossey-Bass.

The ancient Greek olympics

The antediluvian Greek olympicsM whatever nation eff a mickle about the exceptional Games. antiquated games were a lot sm each(prenominal)er than the majestic Games to twenty-four hours with wholly(prenominal) 300 contestants from 11 unthe likes of countries. All of America has heard the devastating news that occurred this year at the 2010 exceedings. Nodar Kumaritashvili died by and by crashing into a metal pole during a luge race. He was only 21 historic period old competing at the Vancouver Olympics and it likewisek his life. Many people do non realize how violent and dangerous certain Olympic events are. To all in all-inclusivey understand the importance of the Olympics you affect to jazz about the Ancient Olympic Games (Papantoniou). consort to Findling, Heracles, Zeuss son, founded the antique Olympics. Yet the scratch Olympic Games were held in 776 BCE. At this Olympic Games, a runner named Coroebus, win the running event. Coroebus became the rattling f irst Olympic champion. The ancient Olympic Games became bigger and often hot so they continued to be admited e genuinely four years for nearly 1,200 years (Findling).At the beginning, the Olympic Games were played as embark on of a unearthly practice. People put their passion for religion into tout and contention. This hereby became a religious ritual for the Greeks (Papantoniou). The Olympic Games were the most illustrious of all former(a) games by far and they were held in capital of Washington.According to Papantoniou, the opinion of rebirth soon came along and when it did troopsy cults were formed. The mind of rebirth came from the idea of creation. We are created from the coming together of a male and female, which was obvious. During this process of birth, the flat coat has been express to give us life. The Earth, with the help of Mother Nature, contains e reallything that people need to live. The overlord force of Mother Nature created the idea of rebirth. Soon the religious cults were formed and competition became an master(prenominal) ritual (Papantoniou). The purpose of the Olympic events was to adjoin bodily strength and vigor (Papantoniou).According to Findling, once the first replete(p) moon came out the games were able to begin. At the beginning, the games only lasted a sidereal mean solar day entirely soon the games became so popular new sports were added. Soon, the games lasted a climb five days. The first day of the festival was meant for sacrifices for the Gods. Some athletes liked to require alone and give birth sacrifices themselves.Most Greek athletics were for one or soone to grapple with another as opposed to playing on teams. The athletes took com workforcece in running, wrestle, disc-throwing, boxing, javelin-hurling and many other sports. The second day of the games was the day of the foot-race. thither was not merely one type of race that the athletes took part in. there were four different kinds. The fir st and oldest was stadion, where runners sprinted for 1 stade, which was the length of the stadium. The other races were a 2-stade and long-distance races. The fourth type of race involved runners wearing full armor. This race was good for preparing men for the military. It increased strength and stability for the men competing to get them ready for war.The other events besides the races were held after the second day of the Games. Pancratium, which was a mix of wrestling and boxing, got kind of intense. To break through in wrestling the player was to heave the other wrestler on the ground ternary times. It was not that simple, however. The opponent couldnt just undercoat any such way. They were to land on their hip, back or shoulder. To avoid any serious dent, ancient Greece had specific rules that were to be followed. Biting your opponent and grabbing their genitals was frowned upon during wrestling or the pancratium.When the games had first begun, boxing was not very violent. Although boxing was not too intense, protection was very cardinal. The Greeks were always looking for ways to avoid injury in games like this. In this case, the boxers put flog on their fingers, much like a modern day boxing glove. These leather straps helped with the distressingness of being hit. However, as time went on, the players came up with more than and more violent strategies to make their way to the top. afterward this more protection was unavoidable and new finger straps were created. The intensity of boxing was nothing compared to that of the pancratium. It was so uncivilised that it was not declared over until one of the players accepted defeat.The people who had decent money to own horses were able to train their horses to compete in races. there were races where the horse wore a saddle to make riding easier scarce in other races the horse had to be bareback. Bareback riding is riding without a saddle which was very difficult because the riders had nothing t o hold onto. Much like when a man wins a competition he receives an chromatic branch, so does the benignant horse. The person who trained and rode the horse to victory receives no credit. In the Olympics there were in like manner Chariot races. These races included small chariots led by 2 horses and larger ones led by 4 horses.The pentathlon came after the day of the horse races. The pentathlon included five sports for the athletes to con part in. The events were all very different from one another. Sprinting and wrestling were two of the five events. It was tough since all of the events were so different. If an athlete succeeded at one event he great power fail at another. Many of the athletes had to throw javelins and discuses as part of their competition. The lowest event in the pentathlon was the long jump. Not only was strength important just also stamina and precision (Findling). In order to succeed at jumping the farthest many men would use weights to make them jump fu rther.Many people from out of the area would come to Olympia for their religious festivals. These popular festivals brought many more athletes to the area looking to play in the Games. Gymnasiums were built in Greece for people to practice and play slight serious games. The gymnasiums were not only a place to practice but also a place to get protection from the sun. Each gymnasium contained a bath for men to not only clean but also to cover themselves. Athletes often covered themselves in oil in the beginning competing in the hot sun for protection (Findling).These competitive games were taken very seriously and they symbolized many things. According to Papantoniou, if you win a game, instead of acquiring a medal or a trophy, you were crowned with a screwball olive branch. The olive branch symbolizes God so if you are crowned, the olive branch promises godliness and that you will live forever. According to Findling, after winning a competition, the winners would return home onl y to be escorted to their own town. According to Papantoniou, if you won a competition you would therefore have a divine presence and just the thought of you would bring up the word fertility. After these competitions were made-up, fertility of nature became associated with these human activities. A triumph in any one of these games was seen as a direct effect of divine will. The winners were looked upon as heroes or even gods to everyone. These physical activities both influenced the ritual process and were influenced by it in turn (Papantoniou). According to Fling, rewards were given to the winners of certain events such as wrestling and boxing from the pain that one must endure.According to Findling, Greek literature and art all included athletics in some way shape or form. Physical ability was extremely important to the Greeks. Not only physical strength was important but also strength of the mind.According to Papantoniou, some people believed that the Olympic Games were a imag inative way to select their king. When the King competed in the games, if he was not the winner, everyone would know that he was not a worthy leader. He cannot continue to be King if his power and vigor begin to decline. For this reason the Olympics was to be held so that the Kings strength could be put to the test. In the mythical era, everyone believed that if the King won it was because he was chosen by God. If the King lost, God has chosen somebody else to take over. Cronus, Zeus, Apollo, Hermes and Ares were the first to participate in the games, followed by Idaean Heracles, Pelops, Oenomaeus, Heracles, the Dioscouri and a undivided host of kings and rulers (Papantoniou).According to Papantoniou, the Olympic Games were mostly for men to watch. Unmarried women were allowed to ascertain to find a husband. However, married women were not allowed to watch on pain of death (Papantoniou). According to Fling, although unmarried women were allowed to attend the Olympic Games, there w ere only certain days on which they were able to. If any woman was to be caught at the Olympic Games on a day that they were not suppose to be, they were to be pushed down Mount Typaeum. Mount Typaeum was a tall passel that expanded from Scillus to Olympia and it would be torture for anyone who fell down it. The only woman who has ever been caught at the Games when she wasnt supposed to be was Callipateria. Her son was to compete in the Olympics so she disguised herself as a trainer. Her son, Peisirodus was victorious. Soon Callipaterias personal identity had become known. She was scared for her life. Her father, brother and son all competed in the Olympic Games and all were victorious. Because of this, there was an exception to the rule and she was left unpunished. Because of her mistakes there has been a new law put in place for trainers to show themselves out front coming into the area with the players (Fling).According to Durrant, The real question here is not who can attend the Olympics but who can compete. Of course not all people who want to participate can participate. Like many things in life there were restrictions for the Olympic Games. Only free-born Greek citizens were allowed to participate in the Olympic Games (Durrant). Boys competed with boys. Men competed with men of the same age. Only at Sparta, did girls take part in the contest. To be eligible for participation in the Olympic Games, a competitor must observe the traditional Olympic tone and ethic and have always participated in sport as an alligator pear without having received any remuneration for his participation (Durrant). According to Durrant, Amateurs are frowned upon during the Olympics. An recreational is anyone who decides to participate in the games merely for their own benefits. These benefits may include brotherly benefits, physical or mental benefits. Its better to see a man take on a task just to test himself. thither is not a problem as long as the competition is const rained to a distinct population. There will be a problem when a competitor moves to a different population that has more rigid rules and standards. Professionalism began in the sixth century B.C. when Solon determined that anyone who won in the Olympic Games would be given 500 drachmae. Soon after the invention of professionalism, athletic games became a full time job for some. Plato said that the athlete who ends by becoming a hater of philosophy, uncivilized, never using weapons of persuasion,he is like a wild beast, all violence and fierceness, and knows no other way of dealing and he lives in all ignorance and evil conditions, and has no sense of propriety and grace (Durrant).You may be wondering what the ripe attire for the Olympic Games were in ancient times. According to Fling, The Lacedaemonians were the first players who decided that being naked during the games were easier. They also are the ones who discovered the protection that oil gave their bodies. Before nudity, th e competitors wore nothing but loin cloths (Fling).According to Fling, the ancient Olympic Games ended 393 AC. The modern Olympics began at the end of the XIX century. Baron capital of South Dakota de Coubertin brough back the Olympics with his impressive proposal. Everyone was so excited about the return of the Olympics that the first Modern Olympic Games were to take place in Athens in 1896. Before Baron, other people had tried to bring the Olympics back but no one was successful. So as we can see much about the Olympics has changed. Although the Olympics were invented in ancient times, they still live on today. plant CitedDurrant, Sue M. And Who May Compete?. Quest (00336297) 22.(1974) 104-110. SPORTDiscus with Full Text. EBSCO. Web. 4 Feb. 2010.Findling, J. E., Pelle, K. D. (1996). diachronic Dictionary of the Modern Olympic Movement. Westport Greenwood Press.Fling, Fred Morrow. A Source Book of Greek History. 1907. 04 February 2010 .Papantoniou, G. Religiosity as a main eleme nt in the ancient Olympic Games. Sport in Society 11.1 (2008) 32-43. SPORTDiscus with Full Text. EBSCO. Web. 2 Feb. 2010.

Biological Basis of Learning, Memory and Motivation

biologic Basis of Learning, w atomic number 18housing and pauperismHuman macrocosms ar animal. In this world there ar rafts of animals hardly human incur some special qualities that argon why we are the closely complex social structure on earth.We die in society there are included family, tribes, clans, nations. We oblig take in an implausibly sophistic consumed method of interacting speech. We can communicate over time and outgo through printing and broadcasting. We ca-ca longest memories. We have an interaction which is around intricate we have perception which is show the world simultaneously the broadest and most detailed.The combination of our biology and society is making as what we are and what we do. distributively kind of responses are stimuli by our biology guides, which is base on thousands of generations of ancestors live be set of their responses. On the other hand, our social structures dictate restriction on and alterations in how we carry out our biologic responses.As a human being not only I and as well all of us have some basic biologic work done much(prenominal) as- education, holding, motivation, emotion, perception, etc. Those biologic whole kit helps us to live perfectly in our society. Thats why its precise much important to have intercourse how biological organs are understand our study skills, movement and behavior.In this concession I discuss the major break-dances of biological basis of our learning, memory and motivation which is contributes our behaviors.Biological Basis of Learning-We know that learning is a butt against of relatively permanent variety shows in behavior brought about by experience. Its means that any type of behavior can changes by apply learning. Learning is a long endpoint passage. All learning process are not show instantly, sometimes it shows long time later. scarcely learning process can run from birth to death.All biological activities are run by the command of poin t which is the basic division of our organic structure. In the promontory there are some specific move of specific organs those are drive our basis activities. Learning process is the same activate which is control by chief. consciousness has one-third major organization those are fore brain, mid brain, hind brain. In fore brain there is an important fibre is cerebrum which is valuable organ in our organic structure. Cerebrum has some fixed function such as-Sensory sector its control somato stunning region, visual plain, auditory area those are very important for learning process. Because learning are related this tether fractions. If one part are not support properly whence learning process are back down. Visual area is located back side of this area. Auditory area is located lower side of cerebrum. near valuable part of this area is visual and auditory because learning is to a greater extent depend these two parts.Association area association is a very importan t works for cerebrum that is association other complex work. This area are control our learning, thoughts, memory, etc.Learning related area this area while away the stimulus-stimulus association and stimulus-reactions associations for the brain cover.Others creative work has done this area such as inventive learning, thoughts, work, abstract imagine etc have done this part.Thalamus the part of the brain located in the middle of the central core that acts generally to relay entropy about the senses. Especially the eye, ear and skin undisturbed information and carry to brain who distribute those different parts of the body. Thats why learning process are damage if thalamus has damages.Mid Brain it has tactum who come to our auditory and sensory process. In those processes are important for our learning system.Cerebellum it is found alone above the medulla and behind the Pons. It is control our fleshly balances. So that if this system are flailed then our speech, writing proce ss are hampered. All thought our learning process are also hampered.limbic system This system is also included our learning.Neurotransmitters this is most important part of learning because it conveys messages across the synapse to the dendrite (sometimes the cell body) of a receiver neuron. So that if it works will fail then the process of learning will also fail.Biological Basis of retention-We know that memory is the process by which we encode, store and retrieve information. This process can explain imagine the keyboard of a information processing system is a encoding (initial recording of information), then the cpu of computer is a storage (information saved for future use) and the monitor of computer is the recuperation (recovery of stored information). Usually memory can explain this short way memory = learning forgetting. So we say that memory is also run by our biological basis help. Brain is the master(prenominal) tool which provides information. In brain there is a fixed part of memory. Now I reveal those-Hippocampus This part helps to storage any information in brain. Thats why it is closely snarly to memory. If this part may be terminate then the memory is also destroy.Amygdale Its a part of limbic system, also plays a role in memory. The amygdale especially packd with memories involving emotion.frontlet lobe This area is included motor area and Bocas area which is take ond to storage memory. temporal role lobe This area is involved primary auditory area, wernickes area, auditory association area which is strongly related to memory.Occipital lobe This area is involved are visual area and visual association area. We know that anything cans easily memories when we see it. So this part is an important to memory.Sensory area This area is overall related the memory process.Association area iodine of the major regions of the cerebral cortex. This side is produce higher mental process such as thought, language, memory and speech.Biological Ba sis of pauperism-Motivation the factors that and energize the behavior of humans and other organizations. Motivation is also versed state or condition to our thoughts, feelings and actions. fundamentally motivation can crate some regions such as food, money, living good, social standers and etc. tho when a human suffer a motive that time his/her body perform some biological activities thats why they demands motivation. So the reasons for biological basis of motivation are-Hypothalamus This is a small part of brain which is strongly involved to motivation.Amygdale This is also change the level of motivation. If it can be surgery then the behavior can changes.Frontal lobe This is also involved motivation of human behavior.Limbic system Memory is also control by limbic system. It is situated under the cerebral cortex .Temporal lobe Temporal lobe is also involved to control motivation.All the dictation of those three basic part of human behavior on the basis of biologically it cl early come that any kind of behaviors are fully depends of our inhering process which is called biological process. So it is very important to know the main function of our biological organs.The learning, motivation and memory are our basic necessitate so it is necessary to know which organs is participation on those processes. If we have a rich cognition about those processes then we can violate our self.ReferencesFeldman Understanding psychology 8th edition McGraw-Hill.Psychology Abu Bokar Siddeky 9th edition Sahitokos, Dhaka.Psychology An Introduction Lahey 9th editionSubmitted by Mir Sara Mehzabeen Ahmed SL- 16 DECP-4 .Biological Basis of Learning, Memory and MotivationBiological Basis of Learning, Memory and Motivation Azharul IslamIntroductionPsychologists have to gather specialized knowledge in considering the ways in which the biological structure and functions of the body affect behaviour. The biological processes are the essential part of human psychology. Our unde rstanding of human behaviour cannot be complete without knowledge of the brain and others part of the nervous system. Biological factors are centrals to every sensory experience, states of consciousness, motivation and emotion, development through out the life span and bodily and psychological health and wellbeing.Executive summaryBiological bases curve the learning, memory, and motivation. The biological factors is very important because it is controlling our behaviour .We might not be able to understand behaviour without an understanding of our biological makeup.Objectives of the studyBasically this study aims to1. Collect information on the situation of biological factors of our behaviour. 2. search ways how to improve the behavior.3. The function of the neuron is fundamental biological aspects of the body.FindingsBiological basis of learningLearning can be defined as a relatively permanent change in behaviour based on experience. Learning is the aspect of new things by using medieval experience. many another(prenominal) psychologists believe learning is based on the strengthening of the aflutter connections between stimuli and specific patterns of muscle movements, while others said that learning involvoves changes in cognition.The existence of biological constraints is consistent with assess mental discussion of behavior. newly there are making suitable by alternative benefits that enhance survival for organism that rapidly learn or neglecte that certain behaviors. such(prenominal) as, our ability to learning avoid touching hot surfaces increase our change in survival (barkow, and tooby 1992 terry, 2003).Neuclei areas are group of neurons forming structures with specific function. For standard each of the different colour on our brain model represent and someone areas each with it own internal structure and function (Jeanette, J Norden Venderbilt university direct and medicine).Telencephalon consists of two cerebral hemispheres the outer coveri ng of the hemespheres is called the cortex. The cortex is responsible for volunteer action or thought and for subjective experience.Mesencephalon contain many small nuclei that are important to relexs, such as reflexs turning of the look toward the source of an objects or sound.Metencephalon A structure that connect the cerebellum with the rest of the body and cerebellum that involved in learned skilled motor movement.The role of biological factors of learning has an example that discussed john and his associates. On one fateful evening, they ate eight hot dog. Two hour leter, they become more than just a little nauseated. As a result, it was many year until they ate another hot dog. This experience of learning to dislike hot dogs is an example of a learned taste aversion. (Garcia, Hankins and Rusiniak, 1974)Biological basis of memoryMemory consists in remembering what has previously been learned .It would be better, however, to say that memory consists in learning, retaining an d remembering what has previously been learned (psychology Methuen and co. Ltd capital of the United Kingdom 1964.Memory processes are distributed across the brain, relating to different information processing systems involve during the intitle exprosure to a stimulus. (Friedman and Donoghue 2000).A theory stated by Canadian researchar Donald Hebb (1949) is still considerd to provide a general model of the biological process responsible for memory (Jeffrey and Reid, 1997 Tsien, 2007). fit to Hebb, each experience activates a unique pattern of neurons in the brain. This activities cause structural changes to occur in those neurons near the synaptic gaps that link them. To Hebb, these changes in the functioning of synapses in the brain, which he termed synaptic facilition, is the biological basis of memory. legion(predicate) different brain areas play a role in memory. The cerebellum plays vituperative role in the timing execution of learned, skilled motor movement. Nuclei doubtful in the hemisphere called the basal ganglia are involves in motor programs. Many different areas of the brain contributes to attention, these include cortical areas of the reticular formation, all areas which contributes to on the qui vive attention awareness.The hippocampus is a part of the brain limbic systems that plays a centrals role in the consolidation of memories.The hippocampus is an older cortical areas involve in multiple aspects of memory. The left hippocampus is more involve in the memory facts, epesodes and words. It is also responsibility for constructing. The right hippocampus is more involve in spatial memory.The hippocampus aims in the initial encoding of information that like akind of neurological e- mail system.(smith, 2000, wheeler, Petersen, and buckner 2000, Wilson 2000).The results of research on the brains role in memory reveal two ways in which STM (short term memory) and LTM (long term memory). Firstly there is extensive evidence that physical changes in neural synapses are involved in LTM and but not in STM. And secondly there is evidence that different brain structures are involves in different ways in the three point in time of memory.Biological basis of motivationMotivation-motivation refers to the reasons why any behaviour occurs or specifically, to the forces or processes that initiate the behaviour, direct it , and contribute to its strength.(psychology , wadsworth publishing conjunction 1984Eating behaviour is subject to homeostasis, as most peoples weight stays within a relatively stable range. The hypothalamus in the brain is central to the regulation of food intake. Acting as a kind of internal weight thermostat, the hypothalamus calls for either greater or slight food intake (Capaldi, 1996 woods et al, 2000 Berthoud, 2000).Thirst is the biological process as like as drinking circuits .Drinking circuits is the association of tissue, body, and neuron with in mettle and cellus.It is associate with the hypothalamus deepl y as like the other drinking circuits. (Thompson et. Al 1980).Sex is the powerful biological motivation. The sex motivations easily understand the influence of sex hormone. It is related with the increase of age. Sex hornmone influence the body to create akind of presser for sex activies. This presser to be continued that time the sex activites is not complete. (Morgan, king. Weisz and schopler, 1993). almost of the motivation are based on the bodys need to maintain a certain level of essential elements adequate abrasion in the blood in the nourish cell , enough pissing in the body. This levels are regulated to homeostatic mechanism. These mechanism imbalance in the body and stimulate action that restore the proper balance.ReferencesPsychology Methuen and co. Ltd London 1964Friedman and Donoghue 2000).Smith, 2000, wheeler, Petersen, and buckner 2000, Wilson 2000).Psychology , wadsworth publishing company 1984Capaldi, 1996 woods et al, 2000 Berthoud, 2000).Thompson et. Al1980).Morg an, king. Weisz and schopler, 1993.Barkow, and Tooby 1992 terry, 2003.Garcia, Hankins and Rusiniak, 1974).

Zinc Deficiency in Pregnancy and Postpartum Depression

coat Deficiency in Pregnancy and Postpartum Depression probe of the relation between surface deficiency in motherhood and postnatal depressinMaryam Asltoghiri, Zahra GhodsiAbstractMaternal zinc deficiency during pregnancy has been related to unfavorable pregnancy outcome. Recently, zinc deficiency has been on the focus as causing effect. The study was conducted to the determine the relation between zinc deficiency in pregnancy and postnatal embossment. This prospective describe-analytical study was conducted on the population of women admitted to Fatemmie hospital in Hamedan city in wolframbound of Iran in 2011 .The study take in included 132 recipe ( non blue confirmed by the beck test) pregnant muliebrity who were selected by convenient non-probability methods. Blood sample were serene from pregnant cases in 38-40 weeks and serum zinc was assessed by Enzymatic technique. Standard value to a minorer place 85 mg/dl were defined zinc deficiency. In twenty-eighth daytimes subsequently delivery, they completed the Edinburgh Questionnaire. The relation between their postpartum depression and zinc deficiency was assessed. There was no significant difference in demographic in the between two groups. The results showed that zinc deficiency had change magnitude the chance of postpartum depression (pKey words zinc deficiency, postpartum depressionIntroductionWomen, especi each(prenominal)y women of child-bearing age, are at high venture of depression ( Escriba-Aguir Artazcoz 2011). PPD is a condition occurring in the post-natal period characterized by demoralize mood, lack of energy, disruptions of sleep and appetite, acquittance of interest in earlierly enjoyable activities, (Crayton Walsh, 2007 ) irritability, excessive physical complaints, lack of libido (Zauderer, 2009), (Gjerdingen et al, 2009 ). Women with PPD may also look at recurrent thoughts of death or suicidal ideation, or recurrent thoughts virtually harming the baby. The onset of PPD may be as early as 4 weeks but is most commonly diagnosed between 6 and 12 weeks postpartum (Posmontier 2008). Postpartum depression (PPD) is a significant public wellness concern. (Kra expend et al 2009) Maternal depression is very common globally, the prevalence of which ranges from 15% in the United States to 35% in broken in-income. Furthermore, the average prevalence of maternal postpartum depression within 68 wk after childbirth is 13% in the general population. (DiGirolamo Ramirez-Zea 2009) Postpartum depression is a mood turnover that has harmful effects on mothers, infants, family and relationships (Nikseresht, 2010) The consequences of postnatal depression on child study in early infancy, later infancy and early puerility begin been the focus of a number of studies, with cognitive, emotional and social outgrowth potentially affected. (Leigh Milgrom, 2008). Therefore, identifying and treating depression early is a well recognized, public health priority (Segre et al, 2010) Furthermore, depression appears to be more severe in postpartum women and has an increased risk of recurrence. (Krause et al, 2009) Screening for depression in postpartum women is powerfully encouraged. (Segre et al, 2010) condition the high prevalence and serious consequences of postnatal depression, efforts have been do to identify risk factors to assist in prevention, identification and sermon. (Leigh Milgrom, 2008). Most observers conceptualise a history of depression, antenatal depression (Posmontier, 2008), stressful life events, first social support, marital problems ( Escriba-Aguir Artazcoz, 2011) antenatal anxiety, negative cognitive attributional style, low self-esteem, and low income Other risk factors for postnatal depression cited in the publications include young age, fewer days of education, a history of abortion and pregnancy termination and a history of childhood sexual crime (Leigh Milgrom, 2008) to be implicated in the development o f depression, but there is detailed information available about biological factors.Zinc, one of the biological factors. The impressiveness of zinc was number 1 documented for Aspergillus niger. It took over 75 years to realize that zinc is also an ingrained trace element for rats and an additional 30 years went by before it was recognized that this was also original for humans. (Hasse et al, 2008) Zinc is one of the most important micronutrient with essential role in biochemical regulation of the body functions (Arast, 2009) Zinc is a cofactor for polymerases and proteases involved in many cellular functions (e.g., wound repair, intestinal epithelial cell regeneration). Zinc has antioxidant properties and may protect against macular degeneration from oxidative stress (Saper Rash, 2009) Due to the wide-eyed prevalence of zinc deficiency and the multitude of zincs essential biological functions, nutritional correction of zinc deficiency may have a significant dissemble on di fferent aspects of human health. (Hasse et al, 2008). The prevalence of zinc deficiency is estimated to be high, with billions of people at risk, in particular(a) in the developing world (Saper Rash, 2009) The importance of zinc in pregnancy period was widely studied in various countries. Variation in zinc plasma trains during pregnancy needs more investigation, because maternal zinc deficiencies may cause some severe abnormalities in the fetus ( arast 2009) The first clinical findings published by Hansen et al. indicated low serum zinc levels in treatment resistant depressed patients. Low serum zinc level was late found in major depressed and minor depressed subjects. (Szewczyk et al, 2010) Siwek and associated in 2010 propose that Recurrent major depression is associated with decreased source zinc concentrations that may be increased by effective antidepressant drug therapy. Given the negative implications of postpartum depression on health and public assistance of mother an d child, the current study aimed to examine prospectively the relationships among zinc deficiency and symbol of depression in Fattemieh hospital in city of Hamedan in west of Iran.Method This prospective describe-analytical study was conducted on the population of pregnant women ( think of maternal quality weeks = 38-40) admitted to the maternity hospital of Fatemieh in city of Hamedan in west of iran during 9-month period in years of 2011 .The sample consisted of 132 normal pregnant women (non depressed confirmed by the beck test) ranging in age from 20 to 35 years who were selected by convenient non-probability method.Our exclusion criteria were as follow gestational diabetes, thyroid disorder, preeclampsia, history of infertility and stillbirth, unplanned pregnancy and history of depression . all in all the subjects were explained about the purpose of the study and were ensured strict confidentiality. Written informed consents were taken from each of women.All participants also reported their age, parity status, level of education, annual household income, marital status and history of abortion. Following University ethics approval, women shortly 38 to40 weeks pregnant were invited to participate in a study. Blood samples were collected from pregnant cases and serum zinc was assessed by Enzymatic technique. Standard values under 85 mg/dl were defined zinc deficiency.At this time, They were divided into two groups of Zinc deficiency (n= 68) and normal zinc (n = 64) by their zinc levels. They were homogenized as for the confounders.On the 28th days after delivery ,they completed the Edinburgh questionnaire.We assessed depression with the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), a widely used self-report screening measure, at postpartum. We chose the EPDS because it has been validated for postpartum use and does not include somatic items, such as weight change, loss of energy, and tiredness that may be misleading as indicators of depression in the puerperal period. A score 12 indicates probable depression. Validation of the scale against diagnostic clinical interviews indicated a specificity of 78% and a sensitivity of 86% for all forms of depression. (Herring et al 2008)The relationship between their depression and zinc deficiency in 38-40 was assessed. SPSS (SPSS Inc., Chicago IL) statistical software was used for data analysis. All theory tests were two-sided and P-values2, t-test ,mann Whitney, v-cramer and relative risk were used to analyze the obatained data.ResultsNo statistically significant difference was noted in duration of marriage ( 4.27 2.21 and 3.90 1.53) ,socioeconomic (0.05 1.02 and 0.05 0/98 ), granida (60.9% and 61.8% no delivery), history of abortion ( 10/9 % and 7.4 % )and mirth of marriage ( 69.24 10.88 and 70.84 10.47) between normal zinc and zinc deficiency groups ,respectively.Participants age ranged from 20 to 35 years (M=26.97 years, SD=3.75 and M=26.51 years, SD=4.31) in normal zinc a nd zinc deficiency groups ,respectively.At 38-40 weeks of pregnancy 68 women were placed in zinc deficiency and 64 women in normal zinc. 14.1% of the normal zinc and 38.2% of the zinc deficiency were found depressed on the 28th day after delivery and zinc deficiency had increased the chances of postpartum depression by 3.78 times.(pTable 1 Comparison of depression on normal and zinc deficiency groupsConclusionThe results indicated that zinc deficiency at 38-40 weeks gestation predicted, prospectively ,increased depressive symptoms at 28 days after delivery.This supported the proposed hypotheses and extended findings of our previous search suggesting that womens experiences of zinc deficiency may have clinical implications for the development of postpartum depression.Musavi and associated in 2006 expressed that major depressed subjects show significantly lowered serum zinc concentration. Results of this study, according to our study. DiGirolamo and associated in 2009 expressed ho mogeneous results .Siwek and associated in 2010 expressed that Serum zinc is a state marking of depression.Szewczyk in 2010 showed that IRS activation is accompanied by a decrease in serum zinc level. In fact, in patients with major depression, a low zinc serum level correlated with an increase in the activation of markers of the immune system. Thus, these findings raise the hypothesis that the lower serum zinc sight in depressed patients may, in part, result from a depression-related alteration in the immune-inflammatory system. The other data supporting an important role of zinc in depression comes from the findings that the lower serum zinc level observed in depressed patients could be normalized by successful antidepressant therapy.However so further well-designed, adequately powered research is required .Lai and associated in 2012 suggest that potential benefits of zinc supplementation as a stand-alone handling or as an adjunct to conventional antidepressant drug therapy fo r depression. Given symptoms of antenatal and postnatal depression are highly correlated, further research should evaluate the impact of antenatal experiences of zinc deficiency and indirectly via postpartum depression.Zinc deficiency in third trimester of gestation could be repayable to malnourishment or other conditions such as plasma elaboration during pregnancy. Enhancing the daily uptake of zinc at the third trimester could be supportive.( arast et al 2009 )Zinc can improve depressive symptoms by nitrergic pathway. This element as supplement compounds could be alternatives for antidepressants in postpartum period. (Nickseresht 2010)The findings are limited as the relationships of earlier zinc deficiency with postpartum depressive symptom. Our findings indicate the importance of screening for the possible impact of zinc deficiency in earlier stages, to enable early treatment and even prevention of the development of antenatal and postpartum depression.Corresponding antecedent Maryam Asltoghiri

Performance Of Wells Turbine Engineering Essay

Performance Of swell Turbine Engineering Essay vellicateA come up turbine has inherent dis goods in comparison with stately turbines intercourse low readiness and poor starting characteristics. In this elusion, the performance of coat turbine is studied on computational outline by changing aerofoils and providing various locomote of relative relative relative incidence for the improvement of the turbines performance. psychoanalyse is base on analysing the hunt of piece of cake on turbine use computational analysis at knockout control.1 INTRODUCTIONThe Oz peerless depletion and global warming have altered the international community and urged the need for more focus on alternative parkland sources of energy. Ocean reel energy is unrivalled of the renewable forms of energy which toilet be utilized in response to the disturbing prospect of an deple plank source of energy. Several moving ridge energy devices being studied under(a) many wave energy programmes make use of the linguistic rule of the oscillatory water column (OWC).Potentially the most successful device used in harnessing on wave energy has been the OWC wave energy converter. The OWC chamber, either undirected or infiltrate standing, with the immersed end opened to the action of the sea. A reciprocating air hunt down is created by the action of the free rise up of the water within the chamber. The diversity of this air escape into mechanical energy whitethorn be achieved by a number of devices like-A. TAPCHAN The TAPCHAN comprises a gradually compressing channel with skirt heights typically 3 to 5 m in a higher place intend water level. The waves enter the wide end of the channel and, as they administer down the narrowing channel, the wave height is amplified until the wave crests spill over the walls to a reservoir which provides a stable water allow to a conventional low head turbine. The requirements of low tidal range and commensurate shoreline limit the world-wide installation of this device. image (a) TAPERED CHANNEL1 (TAPCHAN)http//re.emsd.gov.hk/english/other/ nautical/images/marine_tech_010_2.gifB. PENDULOR The PENDULOR device consists of a rectangular box, which is open to the sea at one end. A pendulum flap is hinged over this opening, so that the action of the waves causes it to swing prat and forth. This motion is then used to power a hydraulic meat and generator.http//t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9GcQ7yge9ouptnhszDgsXGA_gCvAXKqbo78BeXZHFFtPB89433p0pFig (b) PEDULOR 2C. WELLS TURBINE The come up turbine is one of the most suitable air turbines for energy conversion from oscillating air hang. . A schematic go out of the OWC device with a swell turbine is shown in Fig. c. The Wells turbine is an axial persist air turbine. It consists of several(prenominal) symmetrical aerofoil blades set around a hub. As waves Impinge on the device, they cause the water column to rise and fall in the air chamber, which alternately co mpresses and depressurized the trapped air. This air is allowed to liquify to and from the atmosphere done a turbine which drives an electric generator.http//www.aussiestockforums.com/forums/attachment.php?attachmentid=9213stc=1d=1180172232Fig (c) WELLS TURBINE3Fig. 1.1 stately of the Three Major shoreline DevicesThe Wells turbine is a self-rectifying air turbine which is expected to be widely used in wave energy devices with the OWC (Raghunathan, 1995) .It poop pull in power at low airflow rate, when other turbines would be inefficient. The Wells turbines for wave power conversion have less cogency. To increase the strength is the major quest all over the world, the flow of air done the surface turbine impeller is carried out in this determine by exploitation different sizing impeller and introducing biplane i.e. 2 rows of symmetrical aerofoil blades.1.1 WAVE RESOURCEShttp//www.oceanenergy.ie/images/world-map.jpgFig. 1.2 Global dissemination of Deep Water Wave power l evels in kW/m crest length4Despite the climate change phenomena, the world option for wave remains very much as shown in fig. 1.2 by Dr turkey cock Thorpe 5. The highest energy waves ar c at one timentrated off the western coasts in the 40o-60o parallel of latitude range north and south. The power in the wave fronts varies in these areas amidst 30 and 70kW/m with peaks to 100kW/m in the Atlantic SW of Ireland, the grey Ocean and off Cape Horn. The capability to supply electricity from this pick is such that, if harnessed appropriately, 10% of the current level of world supply could be provided 4PERIODAMPLITUDEPOWER DENSITYVELOCITY (m/s)WAVELENGTH(sec)(m)(kW/m)(m) cart1414170023320Average93.56015150Calm5.50.51950Fig 1.3 Tthe nautral and expert wave energy resource for the north and west side of the UK6The techinical resource is dependent on the nautral conditions like the go of the rock and location i.e beaches and gullies. The wave energy at calm sea is considered in this construe.1.2 WELLS TURBINEThe monoplane Wells turbine i.e. the basic Wells turbine consists of several symmetrical aerofoil blades (NACA four flesh series) set around a hub at 90 power points with respect to the airflow. Since its an innovation by Prof. A.A. Wells in 1976, most researchers have focused on improving its cogency and its range of efficient operation. In fact, compared to other conventional air turbines (e.g. Francis turbine) the Wells turbine has a lower efficiency and a narrow operational region. Nevertheless, it stern extract power at low airflow rate, when other turbines would be inefficient.Fig. 1.4 Schematic of the Monoplane Wells Turbine7A schematic plot of a Wells turbine is shown in Fig. 1.4. At first sight the positioning might seem to be unlikely means of energy conversion. However, once the blades have attained throw speed the turbine is capable of producing a time-averaged positive degree power output from the cyclically reversing airflow with a f airly high efficiency. Wells turbine has low efficiency and poor starting characteristics.The Biplane Wells turbineMuhammad Mamun in the Study on the Hysteretic Characteristics of the Wells Turbine in a Deep Stall soma says the jam drop across a mono-plane Wells turbine above is proportionate to the square toes of the tip speed which has to be limited if transonic effect are to avoided. For wave energy devices which produce signifi merchant shiptly plumpingr pressure drops than the limit for a single plane turbine a biplane turbine tin be usedFig. 1.5 Schematic of the Biplane Wells 7It has certain advantages over the conventional monoplane Wells turbine as followsI. It can operate under high loading.II. It can run higher wave power than the monoplane turbine if the diameter and rotational speed of the turbine are kept constant.III. The design speed is lower than that of the monoplane for the like loading.IV. It avoids the use of carry vanes and therefore the turbine would require less maintenance and repairs. 71.3 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATIONThe principle of operation of Wells turbine is based on the classical aerofoil theory. accord to the classical aerofoil theory, an aerofoil which is set at an locomote of incidence in a fluid flow generates a abandon depict L normal to the free stream. The aerofoil also experiences a drag in force D in the direction of the free stream (relative swiftness). These lift and drag forces can be re understand into tangential (in the plane of rotation) and axial (normal to the plane of rotation) components FT and FA respectively.Fig. 1.6 Notation for determining lift, drag, and axial and tangential forces onAn aerofoil7Resulting expression for axial and tangential forcesFA = Lcos + DsinFT = Lsin DcosThe axial force is intent but the turbine while the tangential force causes the turbine to rotate. For a symmetrical aerofoil the direction of tangential force is the same for both positive and ban values of . Therefo re, the direction of rotation of the rotor is independent of airflow direction.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECTSimulation of air flow through wells turbine impeller by means of numerical method using a CFD (Computational fluid dynamics) called limpid and check the flow process of different parameters and the factors affecting the differences. Since wells turbine is a low efficiency turbine to increase the efficiency of Wells turbine is the other aim. passageway followed to meet the requirements is first calculation of efficiency theoretically. Simulating a modified design by using different rake of incidence and making biplane i.e. two rows. Comparing the results of different standard and selecting the suitable design.3 LITERATURE canvass3.1 Types of CFD PROCESS USEDCommercial CFD reckon placid, Star-CD, FLOW-3D, CFX/AEA, etc.Research CFD code Self-developedPublic field of honor software (PHI3D, HYDRO, and WinpipeD, etc.)Other CFD software includes the control grid pro pagation software (e.g. Gridgen, Gambit) and flow visualization software (e.g. Tecplot, FieldView)Commercial CFD code legato is used in this project.3.2 prevalent working on CFDTable3.1 CFD working layoutThe Processes shown in the table 3.1 is divided into pre- process and house- process viz. GAMBIET AND facileGeneral sequence of GAMBIT operationsInitial setupSolver selection, net income size, Defaults, etc.Geometry creation (ACIS, IGES or Mesh import)Create full geometry snap into mesh-able sectionsMeshingLocal net income Edge and bounds layersGlobal meshing Face and/or VolumeMesh examinationZone appointeeContinuum and Boundary attachmentMesh exportGeneral sequence of FLUENT operationsSelection of appropriate models.Turbulence, combustion, multiphase, etc.Define material properties blandSolidMixturePrescribe operating conditionsPrescribe terminus ad quem conditions at all boundaru zonesProvide and initial solutionSet up convergent thinker controlsSet up convergence monit ors3.3 Grid coevalsGrid generation is one of the key elements in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFC). It has at one time become a fairly common tool for use in the numerical solution of partial(p) differential equations on arbitrarily do regions. The numerical solution of partial differential equations requires some discretization of the field into a collection of points (nodes) or elemental slews ( jail electric cells). The differential equations are approximated by a set of algebraic equations on this collection, and this system of algebraic equations is thensolved to produce a set of discrete values which approximates the solution of the partial differential system over the field. The practice of discretizing the physical domain into a finite number of elements is called as grid generation.3.4 Grid natural elevationologiesGenerally, the governing equations may be transformed into finite element, finite difference, or finite volume equations. The cell types supported by FLUEN T are followed as angulate and quadrilateral cells in 2D are accepted, and in 3D, tetrahedral, hexahedral, wedge, and pyramid cells can be usedFIG3.2 Different types of gridsStructured versus Un organize GridsThe section presents a brief description of grid generation. The grid generation techniques available at present fall into two categories, namely a) organise grid generation and b) unstructured grid generation. The structured grid generation techniques are based on the transformation of the complex physical domain into a childly computational domain, which is often chosen to be rectangular in shape (quadrilateral and hexahedron).The unstructured grid generations have been used with FEM (finite element method) office only, whereas structured grids have general applicability.7.3.5 Types of structured gridIn FLUENT, both single-block and multi-block structured meshes are acceptable, as well as hybrid meshes containing quadrilateral and triangular or hexahedral, tetrahedral, p yramid, and wedge cells quadruple BlockSometimes, it is possible to combine several structured computational meshes together to fit the physical domain. Multi- locking has the advantage of the speed of a structured solver, without as many mapping constraints observable in single block meshes.Single BlockIn this technique, one computational grid is mapped to fit the whole physical domain. For even pretty complex shapes, it may be practically impossible to define a transformation which will map the outer surface of the computational domain to the required physical shape, while ensuring that the resulting grid has desirable attributes of smoothness.73.6 Mesh flavorThe quality of mesh plays a significant role in the the true and stability of the numerical simulations. The attributes associated with mesh quality are density of node, cell shape, smoothness and flow-field dependency. In many cases, poor resolution in diminutive regions can dramatically alter the flow characteristics.3 .7 The Capabilities of FLUENTThis section provides a brief introduction to FLUENT and an explanation of its capabilities 10.FLUENT used in this project is a commercial code and a state-of-the-art computer program for modelling single and multiphase flows, heat and mass transfer, chemical answer phenomena, and etc. in complex geometries. This code includes following components FLUENT, the flow solver GAMBIT, the pre-processor for geometry modelling and mesh generation pre-PD, and etc. FLUENT solver utilizes a finite-volume, pressure-based, multiphase space marching method (SIMPLE algorithm), for solving the governing organic equations for conservation of mass and momentum, and for energy and other scalars such as turbulence and chemical species. It has the following modelling capabilities Flows in 2D or 3D geometries using triangular/tetrahedral, quadrilateral/hexahedral, or mixed (hybrid) grids that include prisms (wedges) or pyramids In compressible or compressible flows Steady- state or transient analysis Laminar and turbulent flows Newtonian or non-Newtonian flow Convective heat transfer, including instinctive or forced convection Coupled conduction/convective heat transfer actinotherapy heat transfer Inertial (stationary) or non-inertial (rotating) reference frame models Multiple moving reference frames, including sliding mesh interfaces and mixing planes for rotor/stator interaction modelling Chemical species mixing and reaction, including combustion sub models and surface deposition reaction models Arbitrary volumetric sources of heat, mass, momentum, turbulence, and chemical species Flow through porous media One- belongingsal fan/heat-exchanger performance models Two-phase flows, including cavitations Free-surface flows with complex surface shapesFLUENT can provides a number of boundary conditions, including Velocity or blackmail Driven Inlets/Outlets Stationary or Moving Walls, with or without Friction cyclic Boundary Conditions Symmetry Boundary Conditions Pressure Far- commitd Boundary Conditions Outflow Boundary Conditions Inlet/Outlet Vent Boundary Conditions Intake/Exhaust fan Boundary ConditionsAs the Well turbine has a complex geometry for modelling, a large number of modelling capabilities are required of the CFD code for the turbine. FLUENT can incorporates all of these capabilities, and is most suitable for modelling the Wells turbine.104 digest OF TASK4.1 Theoretical calculationThe dimension used in this project is of prototype obtained from others experimental work, the model is designed and simulated by using the two different models shown in the table under.a 8 b9Table 4.1 dimension of wells turbineThe theoretical calculation of efficiency is done using the above two different dimension, the method used to calculate the efficiency is shown at a lower place. enumeration FOR EFFICIENCY in like manner,CALCULATION AT 4 DEGREE ANGLE OF blastAt = 4 degreeThe table below shows a calculated efficiency at differ ent lean of outrage calculated using the format shown above.(degree)(radians)W(relative velocity)(rads/sec)ReClCd4.000.07143.3642.451221641.450.400.0121.865.000.09114.7442.39977760.010.500.0123.816.000.1095.6742.32815255.460.600.0125.187.000.1282.0642.24699252.150.700.0126.028.000.1471.8542.14612312.290.800.0126.449.000.1663.9242.03544748.240.900.0126.7310.000.1757.5941.91490747.451.000.0126.7811.000.1952.4141.77446611.021.100.0126.9612.000.2148.1041.62409873.061.200.0226.9713.000.2344.4541.46378826.411.300.0226.8914.000.2441.3441.29352251.701.400.0226.9015.000.2638.6441.10329254.751.300.0223.38Table 4.2 Efficiency at different angleUsing the values of efficiency and the angle of attack from the above table (4.2) a direct affinity amid efficiency and the angle of attack is obtained which can be seen in the chart below (fig 4.3). Usig a Trendline option in Microsoft Excel an equation of direct relation in the midst of angle of attack and efficiency is obtained. The equation sh own in the graph is a sixth gear up equation which is difficult to differentiate to obtained the angle at which the efficiency will be maximum,so a 2nd order equation is obtained from trendline option. Differentiating the equation gives the value of an angle at which the efficiency is max. From this procedure 12 degree is the calculated angle obtained at which the efficiency is max.Fig 4.3 Efficiency Vs. Angle of Attacky = -0.00026 + 0.00785 0.10484 + 0.70883 2.70462 + 6.5617x + 17.369when x = 12y = = 25.98 %After substituting the value on angle obtained for maximum efficiency a difference between the two values is found and it is cod to the R squared value. More closer the value of R square to unity more accurate results can be obtained.Equations obtained from Microsoft Excel at different orders are shown below- effectuate 2y = -0.12842 + 1.8889x + 20.336R = 0.8797Order 3y = -0.00383 0.05482 + 1.4909x + 20.851R = 0.8848Order 4y = -0.00524 + 0.13263 1.22762 + 5.2125x + 17.578 R = 0.9636Order 5y = -0.0015 + 0.02864 0.26813 + 0.86162 + 0.6489x + 20.649R = 0.9869Order 6y = -0.00026 + 0.00785 0.10484 + 0.70883 2.70462 + 6.5617x + 17.369R = 0.9945Similarly using the dimension in table 4.1 (b) the calculated efficiency is show below(degree)(radians)W(relative velocity)(rads/sec)ReClCd4.000.07143.3678.24916231.000.400.0153.725.000.09114.7478.13733319.930.500.0158.496.000.1095.6778.00611441.530.600.0161.877.000.1282.0677.85524439.060.700.0163.938.000.1471.8577.67459234.170.800.0164.969.000.1663.9277.47408561.140.900.0165.6810.000.1757.5977.24368060.551.000.0165.8011.000.1952.4176.99334958.231.100.0166.2412.000.2148.1076.72307404.761.200.0266.2813.000.2344.4576.42284119.781.300.0266.0714.000.2441.3476.10264188.751.400.0266.1015.000.2638.6475.76246941.041.300.0257.46TABLE 4.4 Efficiency at different anglesSimilarly in this case a graphical representation of Angle of Attack Vs. Efficiency is obtained which can be seen below and the equation represents a direct r elation between efficiency and angle of attack.Fig 4.5 Efficiency Vs. Angle of AttackOrder 6y = -0.00066 + 0.02925 0.62024 + 6.85633 42.0712 + 139.39x 138.43R = 0.9945when x =12y = = 64.24%Similarly using the order 2 equation to find the angle at which the efficiency will be maximum. The calculate angle using the same procedure as above is 12 degree at which the efficiency is maximum.. 4.2 Gambiet (Pre Processing)-The figure below shows an impeller of wells turbine designed with blades at 0 degree angle of incidence and using the dimension from the table 4.1 (a).Fig 4.6 Impeller of wells turbineCreating a model using gambiet and then meshing the geometry for which meshing size is selected based on the Reynolds number. Since the Reynolds number lies in the transational flow at the angle in which the efficiency is maximum,using turbulence boundary layer formula =0.00269The thicknes of boundary layer is 0.003 m. The mesh size comes to be 0.001m to get three elements in one layer t o get fine meshing. In case of 3-Dimensional model the mesh elemet used is Tet/Hybrid. Checking the meshing quality the Aspect Ratio lies between 1 to 4. Boundary conditions is given for impeller is moving wall and interfaces is decided so that the fluid can be rotated within this volume. The mesh is exported for post processing in Fluent4.3 Fluent (Post Processing)Steps used in fluent is as followsStep 1 Opening the case fileStep 2 Defining the grid interfacesStep 3 Grid checkStep 4 Defining model as awkward and using K-epsilon (2 equation )Step 5 Defining boundary conditionIn boundary condition fluid within the impeller is made to rotate at 40 rads/sec.The impeller is a moving wall rotating relative to cell zone at 0 rads/sec.Inlet velocity is 10 m/sec and the turbulence method selected is intensity and hydraulic cylinder.Step 6 Solution is converged after ilteraion5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONThe results shown below contains pressure contours, velocity vectors and pathlines at different cros-section of the models designed using the dimension from table 4.1 (a). amaze with blades at 0 degree angle of incidence and deferral flow from top stumper with blades at 0 and 2 degree(+) angle of incidence and doorway flow from top theoretical account with blades at 0 and 2 degree(+) angle of incidence and inlet flow from nookyModel with blades at 2 degree(+) angle of incidence and inlet flow from topModel with blades at 2 degree(+) angle of incidence and inlet flow from bottomBiplane modelsModel with blades at 0 degree angle of incidece and inlet from topModel with blades at 0 degree angle of incidence and inlet flow from bottomModel with blades at 2(+)and 2(-) degree angle of incidence and inlet flow from topModel with blades at 2(+)and 2(-) degree angle of incidence and inlet flow from bottomModel with blades at 0 degree angle of incidence and inlet flow from topModel with blades at 0 and 2 degree(+) angle of incidence and inlet flow from topModel with blades a t 0 and 2 degree(+) angle of incidence and inlet flow from bottomModel with blades at 2 degree(+) angle of incidence and inlet flow from topModel with blades at 2 degree(+) angle of incidence and inlet flow from bottomBiplane modelsModel with blades at 0 degree angle of incidece and inlet from topModel with blades at 0 degree angle of incidence and inlet flow from bottomModel with blades at 2(+)and 2(-) degree angle of incidence and inlet flow from topModel with blades at 2(+)and 2(-) degree angle of incidence and inlet flow from bottomComparing the above graphical results under a range of 0-400 for comparison except the last two model. The table below shows the value of dynamic pressure (max) in Pascals of above design.From the table it can be seen that the introduction of two rows provides a better result in terms of dynamic pressure. After giving the installatoin angle the maximun dynamic pressure obtained is 1176 pascals by which we can say that the two rows impeller with and an installaition angle is better than the single rows .AssumptionsVarious assumptions made to carry out the simulation is as followsPATHLINES OF PARTICLES ON IMPELLERAOA 0 respite FROM communicateAOA 0 AND 2 DEGREE introduction AT steer AOA 0 AND 2 DEGREE DEGREE access AT BOTTOMAOA 2 DEGREE INLET AT TOP AOA 2 DEGREE INLET AT BOTTOMTWO ROWSAOA 0 DEGREE INLET AT TOP AOA 0 DEGREE INLET AT BOTTOMAOA +2 -2 DEGREE INLET AT TOP AOA +2 -2 DEGREE INLET AT BOTTOMThe results shown below is of the dimension used from table 4.1 (b).modelling of the wells turbine is divided into two split theoretical and practical

Chemistry-soaps And Detergents :: essays research papers

Cleaning with pocket and soapless detergents. purifying comes from the Latin word detergere meaning to clean, it is defined as a neaten agent. in that locationfore, water itself is a detergent. This essay looks at soap and soapless (or synthetic) detergents. Both substances we social function everyday and have a big market commercially, they effect everyone. exclusives be made from natural products and soapless detergents are produced chemically, each having advantages and disadvantages.grievous bodily harm has a a good deal longer history than its relatively new synthetic version. There is evidence of soap made in Mediterranean countries around 2500 eld ago. The basic process has not changed much although now the chemistry is understood. Soap is made from the process called saponification, the alkaline hydrolysis of fats and oils. It is essentially the reverse of esterification. O OR-C-O-R + NaOH ---- R-C-O-Na+ + ROHEster(fat) + base(caustic soda) ---- salt of fatty acid(s oap) + alcohol(glycerol). Caustic potash (potassium hydroxide) outhouse be utilize instead of caustic soda (sodium hydroxide)but is more expensive. The base used to come from wood ash containing potassium carbonate which formed potash as this was not plentiful it made soap a luxury. The cheapest seminal fluid of the ester is animal and vegetable fats and oils. H-H-H-H-H-H-H-H-H-H-H-H-H-H-H OH-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-CH-H-H-H-H-H-H-H-H-H-H-H-H-H-H O-Na+This is an example of a soap molecule. The hydrocarbon determination is non polar and hydrophilic (water hating) and the carboxylate end is polar and hydrophilic (water loving). This the retention which allows it to clean, it acts as an emulsifying agent. The soap disperses in water to form miscelles where a negatively charged surface is formed and hydrocarbon chains are in the centre. These miscelles sidestep droplets of dirt or grease suspending them in the water so they can be washed away. In soft neutral water soap w orks very well. However in hard water those containing ions (calcium and milligram ions) the soap reacts with the ions forming insoluble salts, meth which settles on fabrics and around the bath. A scum is also the result when soap is used in acidic water. Soap is also affected by the nature of the dirt, for example perspiration breaks spile the soap reducing the washing power. There are other disadvantages of soap, it deteriorates on storage lacks cleaning power and doesnt rinse out completely. The output signal of synthetic detergents are an example of a standard chemical approach. If a useful substance has some undesirable properties an attempt is made to key out a near copy synthetically which will perform better.

GOYA :: essays research papers

Francisco Jose de Goya y Lucientes was born on March 30, 1746, in Fuendetodos, a village in northern Spain. The family later moved to Saragossa, where Goyas father worked as a gilder. At fourteen years old, Goya was apprenticed to Jose Luzan, a local anaesthetic painter. Later he went to Italy to continue his study of art. On returning to Saragossa in 1771, he painted frescoes for the local cathedral. These working, done in the decorative rococo tradition, realised Goyas artisanic reputation. In 1773 he married Josefa Bayeu, sister of Saragossa artist Francisco Bayeu. The couple had many children, but only one--a son, Xavier--survived to adulthood. From 1775 to 1792 Goya painted cartoons (designs) for the royal tapis factory in Madrid. This was the most important period in his aesthetical development. As a tapestry designer, Goya did his first genre paintings, or scenes from common life. The experience helped him become a keen observer of human behavior. He was also influenced by neoclassicism, which was gaining favor over the rococo dash. Finally, his study of the works of Velazquez in the royal collection resulted in a looser, more oral painting technique. At the same time, Goya achieved his first popular success. He became established as a portrait painter to the Spanish aristocracy. He was choose to the Royal Academy of San Fernando in 1780, named painter to the king in 1786, and make a court painter in 1789. A serious unwellness in 1792 left Goya permanently deaf. Isolated from others by his deafness, he became progressively occupied with the fantasies and inventions of his imagination and with critical and satirical observations of mankind. He evolved a bold, stop new style close to caricature. In 1799 he published the Caprichos, a series of etchings satirizing human folly and weakness. His portraits became penetrating characterizations, revealing their subjects as Goya axiom them. In his religious frescoes he employed a broad, free style and an earthy realism unprecedented in religious art. Goya served as director of painting at the Royal Academy from 1795 to 1797 and was appointed first Spanish court painter in 1799. During the Napoleonic invasion and the Spanish fight of independence from 1808 to 1814, Goya served as court painter to the French. He expressed his shame of armed conflict in The Disasters of War, a series of starkly vivid etchings on the atrocities of war. They were not published until 1863, long after Goyas death.

Gender Identity and Sexual Orientation Essay -- sexuality, biology, ch

In todays day in age, different cozyities and sex activity identities ar quickly becoming more recognized in mainstream society. Despite this change, there are many people who conceptualize that having a different sexual druthers or gender identicalness is a choice that is frowned upon. In order to refute this belief, research and biological science of the reason is necessary. Researching the brain on the basis of sexuality is a more or less new topic of discussion because it is somewhat difficult and confusing. This paper provide explore the different identities of gender, sex and sexual orientation and the main biological reasons behind these. There is overly some validity of different sexual orientations and identities through the evidence of sexual disorders like Klinefelters and Turners Syndrome and gender dysphoria.In order to discuss the biology of gender identity and sexual orientation, it is necessary to first examine the differences between multiple defini tions that are often mistakenly interchanged sex, gender, sexual orientation, and gender identity. Sexual orientation is define by LeVay (2011) as the trait that predisposes us to experience sexual attractive feature to people of the same sex as ourselves, to persons of the other sex, or to both sexes (p. 1). The typical categories of sexual orientation are homosexual, heterosexual and bisexual. Vrangalova and Savin-Williams (2012) found that nearly people identify as heterosexual, but there are also groups of people that identify as mostly heterosexual and mostly fairylike within the three traditional categories (p. 89). This is to say that there are non three concrete groups, but sexual orientation is a continuum and matchless can even fluctuate on it over time. LeVay (2011) also defines gender as the ... ...ved October 9, 2015 from http//www.mayoclinic.com/health/klinefelter-syndrome/DS01057.Swaab, D. F. & Garcia-Falgueras, A. (2009). Sexual differentiation of the hum an brain in relation to gender identity and sexual orientation. Functional Neurology, 24(1), 17-28.Turner Syndrome Society. (2011). describe about TS Fact Sheet. Turner Syndrome Society of the United States. Retrieved October 9, 2015 from http//turnersyndrome.org/learn-about-ts/fact-sheetVrangalova, Z., & Savin-Williams, R. C. (2012). Mostly heterosexual and mostly gay/lesbian Evidence for new sexual orientation identities. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 41, 85-101. doi 10.1007/s10505- 012-9921-y.Zhang, S., Liu, Y., & Rao, Y. (2013). Serotonin signaling in the brain of adult female mice is required for sexual preference. Proceedings of the National academy of Sciences, 110(24), 9968-9973.

Point Blank Consulting Firm Essay -- Business Management Essays

Point uncontaminating Consulting FirmPoint Blank Consulting FirmExecutive SummaryBulls ticker Indoor Shooting double is a Las Cruces start-up company dedicated to providing a safe and professional gloriole where safety is our main concern. We adduce a climate-controlled building that bequeath be useful to all law enforcement, security, military, and cliquish citizens.Company DescriptionWe offer the only indoor shooting range in southern spic-and-span Mexico. Bulls Eye is equipped with 18 lanes, 25 yards long to assist the move shooters, as well as, the novice shooters. Six of these lanes will be allocated for private events for qualifications.Product and ServicesBulls Eye will be dedicated to surpass customers expectations by offering gun classes in firearms training, firearms safety, and gun laws. Our National snuff it Association (NRA) certified instructors will teach firearms skills, safety, and self-defense. At Bulls Eye we tense to make every shooting experience an e njoyable one. In amplification to our services, we sell rifles, handguns, accessories, and ammunition. Our inventory consists of the worlds finest weapons, which embarrass, but not modified to, Winchester, Remington, Colt, Ruger, Smith & Wesson, and Glock, just to name a few. The jump Tuesday of every month, we will offer a shooting competition with prizes gong to the top terzetto contenders. A fully equipped classroom with an overhead projector is available to look at perfect for presentations or training. We will also rent top of the edge handguns, rifles, and shotguns for use at our range. Gun Rental RatesHandguns, shotguns and .22 rifles$20 includes ara fee for 1 day and 1 aim$15 for Bulls Eye membersAR-15$30 includes Range fee for 1 day and 1 target$25 for Bulls Eye membersOther services will include special privileges for members, which consist of Unlimited number of Range visits1 target with first visit per dayDiscounted Range fees for friendsDiscounts on firearm r entalsrank fees are as follows1-year Individual Membership$2001-year Couple Membership$2501-year group Membership$300 (up to 4 members)6 months Individual Membership$ one hundred fifty6 months Couple Membership$1256 months Group Membership$250 (up to 4 members)Lifetime Membership... ...Legal/AccountingAdvertising/Promotions sundry(a) expensesSalaries/WagesSuppliesAccountingPayroll expensesIncomeSalaries/WagesUtilitiesTaxesPayroll expensesRepairs/MaintenanceOur assumptions and projections were ground upon our market analysis and market forecast. In addition, we believe the changes in our troupe and the on-going threats of terrorism will have a significant impact on the overall market, customer characteristics, customer needs, and the buying decisions of our customers. Our projected losses would include rent, utilities, insurance (property and liability, life and health), workmans compensation, wages, and theft.Management SummaryThe possessor of Bulls Eye Indoor Shooting Range be lieves that relationships should be forthright, work should be structured with enough room for creativity, and pay should be compensated with the follow and quality of work completed. The company is young enough that the only coach that is needed is the owner of the business.

Trace Evidence Essay examples -- essays research papers

Crime mental pictures atomic number 18 known to obligate many clues left behind. The straightforward would be a the trunk or bodies, clothing, and virtuallytimes even the clear up tool. While these be great way to solve a human face theres an disparate physique of maneuver discover point. cast state be small pieces of evidence that argon laying around a annoyance scene. There ar many events of trace evidence some of them hold metal filings, formative fragments, gunshot residue, glass fragments, feathers, food stains, building materials, lubri fundamentts, fingernail scrapings, pollens and spores, cosmetics, chemicals, paper fibers and sawdust, human and tool tomentum cerebris, plant and vegetable fibers, blood and other body fluids, asphalt or tar, vegetable fats and oils, dusts and other airborne particles, insulation, textile fibers, soot, soils and mineral grains, and explosive residues. Although these argon the most common found elements, they are not the only ones. The Trace Evidence Unit is known to examine the largest mixed bag of evidence types and apply the biggest range of analytical methods of any unit. materials are compared with standards or knowns samples to determine whether or not they share any common characteristics. In this paper I get out discuss the different kinds of trace evidence and how crime scene investigaros use it to solve cases and convict criminal.Trace evidence was first discover by Edmond Locard. Edmond Locard was born in 1877, and founded the Institute of Lyons Institute of Criminalistics. He is in addition known for advancing the science of fingerprints. In 1910 he was genuine to start a small forensic science laboratory in the Palais de legal expert which he directed until 1951.While there he worked on criminal appellation methods including poroscopy- the microscopic examination of fingerprints analyses of body fluids, hair and shinny and graphometry or deal analysis. He is the man respon sible for coming up with the theory that when devil objects come in contact with each other they leave some kind of material matter behind. This theory was later called Locards transmute Principle. The idea is that the evidence can be employ to associate objects, individuals or locations with one another." A person typically loses round 100 hairs a day. These hairs may be of evidentiary value to show contact between two people. With an adequate hair standard, a trace chemist will be able to microscopically compare a... ...furniture which may be locked. They indeed use the small blushing mushroom chips and metal as evidence and member them the way that individual piece of evidence should be processed.Believe it or not, aggravates from a victim are also evidence. The wound can yield the investigators to match up any marks that could have been made from the sleeve and therefore allows them to determine at what angle, distance, and how fast the weapon was used.The last type of evidence I will discuss are documents. Everyone has a different handwriting and different characteristics that make it unique. Computers are also unique in the way they type and print out things. inventory examiners can suppose over these and establish the similarities in the handwriting and calculator forensic specialists can extract logs and other data from most devices.As you can gather up there is no perfect crime. The littlest piece of hair or paint or anything left behind can be found. Suspects often female child these tiny peieces of evidence and while they looked over it, it is stillness lurking at the crim scene. It is guarenteed that a Crime Scene Investigator will experience this evidence no matter how small and use it to find, prosecute, and convict a criminal. Trace Evidence Essay examples -- essays research papers Crime scenes are known to have many clues left behind. The obvious would be a the body or bodies, clothing, and sometimes even the murder weapon. While these are great way to solve a case theres another kind of evidence trace evidence. Trace evidence are small pieces of evidence that are laying around a crime scene. There are many types of trace evidence some of them include metal filings, plastic fragments, gunshot residue, glass fragments, feathers, food stains, building materials, lubricants, fingernail scrapings, pollens and spores, cosmetics, chemicals, paper fibers and sawdust, human and animal hairs, plant and vegetable fibers, blood and other body fluids, asphalt or tar, vegetable fats and oils, dusts and other airborne particles, insulation, textile fibers, soot, soils and mineral grains, and explosive residues. Although these are the most common found elements, they are not the only ones. The Trace Evidence Unit is known to examine the largest variety of evidence types and used the biggest range of analytical methods of any unit. materials are compared with standards or knowns samples to determin e whether or not they share any common characteristics. In this paper I will discuss the different kinds of trace evidence and how crime scene investigaros use it to solve cases and convict criminal.Trace evidence was first discovered by Edmond Locard. Edmond Locard was born in 1877, and founded the Institute of Lyons Institute of Criminalistics. He is also known for advancing the science of fingerprints. In 1910 he was authorized to start a small forensic laboratory in the Palais de Justice which he directed until 1951.While there he worked on criminal identification methods including poroscopy- the microscopic examination of fingerprints analyses of body fluids, hair and skin and graphometry or handwriting analysis. He is the man responsible for coming up with the theory that when two objects come in contact with each other they leave some kind of material matter behind. This theory was later called Locards Exchange Principle. The idea is that the evidence can be used to associate objects, individuals or locations with one another." A person typically loses about 100 hairs a day. These hairs may be of evidentiary value to show contact between two people. With an adequate hair standard, a trace chemist will be able to microscopically compare a... ...furniture which may be locked. They then use the small paint chips and metal as evidence and process them the way that individual piece of evidence should be processed.Believe it or not, wounds from a victim are also evidence. The wound can allow the investigators to match up any marks that could have been made from the weapon and therefore allows them to determine at what angle, distance, and how fast the weapon was used.The last type of evidence I will discuss are documents. Everyone has a different handwriting and different characteristics that make it unique. Computers are also unique in the way they type and print out things. Document examiners can look over these and establish the similarities in the ha ndwriting and computer forensic specialists can extract logs and other data from most devices.As you can see there is no perfect crime. The littlest piece of hair or paint or anything left behind can be found. Suspects often miss these tiny peieces of evidence and while they looked over it, it is still lurking at the crim scene. It is guarenteed that a Crime Scene Investigator will find this evidence no matter how small and use it to find, prosecute, and convict a criminal.